CEN/TC 191

Date:  2024-11

prEN 1568‑4:2025

CEN/TC 191

Secretariat:   BSI

Fire extinguishing media — Foam concentrates — Part 4: Specification for low expansion foam concentrates for surface application to water-miscible liquids

Feuerlöschmittel — Schaummittel — Teil 4: Anforderungen an Schaummittel zur Erzeugung von Schwerschaum zum Aufgeben auf mit Wasser mischbare Flüssigkeiten

Agents extincteurs — Émulseurs — Partie 4 : Spécification pour les émulseurs bas foisonnement destinés à une application à la surface des liquides ayant une affinité pour l'eau

ICS:

Descriptors:

Contents Page

European foreword 5

Introduction 6

1 Scope 7

2 Normative references 7

3 Terms and definitions 8

4 Sediment in the foam concentrate 10

4.1 Sediment before ageing 10

4.2 Sediment after ageing 10

5 Freezing point 10

6 Viscosity of the foam concentrate 10

6.1 Test temperatures 10

6.2 Newtonian foam concentrates 10

6.3 Pseudo-plastic foam concentrates 10

7 pH of the foam concentrate 10

8 Surface tension of the foam solution 10

9 Stability/separation test of foam concentrate 11

10 Determination of expansion and drainage time 11

10.1 Before temperature conditioning 11

10.2 After temperature conditioning 11

11 Test fire performance 11

12 Occupation health and ecotoxicological information 12

13 Annual foam quality check 12

13.1 General 12

13.2 Principles 13

13.3 Types of analysis 13

14 Expansion performance comparison test 14

15 Technical information sheet 14

16 Container marking 14

Annex A (informative) Grades of foam concentrate 16

Annex B (normative) Sampling of foam concentrates 17

Annex C (normative) Determination of percentage sediment 18

C.1 Sampling 18

C.2 Apparatus 18

C.3 Procedure 18

Annex D (normative) Freezing point determination 19

D.1 General 19

D.2 Apparatus 19

D.3 Procedure 19

D.4 Example of a temperature against time curve for evaluation 20

Annex E (normative) Determination of viscosity for pseudo-plastic foam concentrates 21

E.1 Pseudo-plastic foam concentrates 21

E.2 Viscosity determination 21

Annex F (normative) Temperature conditioning of foam concentrates 23

F.1 General 23

F.2 Low temperature conditioning 23

F.3 High-temperature conditioning 23

F.4 Division into top and bottom half-samples 24

Annex G (normative) Determination of surface tension 26

G.1 Solution of foam concentrate 26

G.2 Procedure — Surface tension 26

Annex H (normative) Stability/Separation test of foam concentrate 27

H.1 General 27

H.2 Apparatus 27

H.3 Procedure 27

Annex I (normative) Determination of expansion and drainage time 28

I.1 Apparatus 28

I.2 Temperature conditions 28

I.3 Procedure 28

I.4 Simulated fresh and sea water 29

Annex J (normative) Determination of test fire performance 34

J.1 General 34

J.2 General conditions 34

J.3 Fire test 36

Annex K (normative) Occupational health and ecotoxicological testing 38

Annex L (informative) Description of a radiation measurement method 39

L.1 Evaluation 39

L.2 General arrangement of test 39

L.3 Technical data for radiometers 40

L.4 Procedure 41

Annex M (informative) Small-scale fire test 43

M.1 Apparatus 43

M.2 Test procedure 44

Annex N (informative) Annual foam quality check 53

N.1 Visual examination 53

N.2 Density 53

N.3 pH-value 53

N.4 Sediment 55

N.5 Viscosity 55

N.6 Refractive index 55

N.7 25 %-drainage time and expansion ratio 56

N.8 Resistance to isopropanol 56

Annex O (normative) Determination of foam expansion sensitivity 57

O.1 General 57

O.2 General conditions 57

O.3 Apparatus 58

O.4 Test procedure 59

O.5 Test report 59

O.6 Figures 60

Annex P (informative) Example of a technical information sheet 69

Annex Q (informative) A-Deviations 72

Bibliography 74

European foreword

This document (prEN 1568‑4:2025) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 191 “Fixed firefighting systems”, the secretariat of which is held by BSI.

This document is currently submitted to the CEN Enquiry.

This document will supersede EN 1568‑4:2018.

This document includes the following significant technical changes with respect to EN 1568-4:2018:

• Determination of solid deposits for synthetic foams and protein foams clarified;
• Optional annual foam quality check introduced;
• Temperature and wind speed measurements for performance fire test clarified;
• Stainless steel as optional material for small-scale fire test fire tray introduced;
• Foam expansion performance test introduced;
• Some test procedures clarified.

This document is Part 4 of EN 1568 which has the general title Fire extinguishing media — Foam concentrates. The other parts are:

• Part 1: Specification for medium expansion foam concentrates for surface application to water-immiscible liquids;
• Part 2: Specification for high expansion foam concentrates for surface application to water-immiscible liquids;
• Part 3: Specification for low expansion foam concentrates for surface application to water-immiscible liquids.

This European Standard is one of a series of standards specifying requirements for fire extinguishing media in common use. This series includes the following standards:

• EN ISO 5923, Equipment for fire protection and fire fighting — Fire extinguishing media — Carbon dioxide (ISO 5923);
• EN 27201‑1, Fire protection — Fire extinguishing media — Halogenated hydrocarbons — Part 1: Specifications for halon 1211 and halon 1301 (ISO 7201-1);
• EN 27201‑2, Fire protection — Fire extinguishing media — Halogenated hydrocarbons — Part 2: Code of practice for safe handling and transfer procedures (ISO 7201-2);
• EN 615, Fire protection — Fire extinguishing media — Specifications for powders (other than class D powders).

Introduction

As fire-fighting foams are chemical agents or chemical preparations, Commission Directive 2006/60/CE and Regulations (EC) No 1272/2008 (CLP) and No 1907/2006 (REACH) apply and need to be taken into account.

Classes of fire are defined in EN 2 as follows:

• Class A: fires involving solid materials, usually of an organic nature, in which combustion normally takes place with the formation of glowing embers;
• Class B: fires involving liquids or liquefiable solids;
• Class C: fires involving gases;
• Class D: fires involving metals;
• Class F: fires involving cooking media (vegetable or animal oils and fats) in cooking appliances.

Fire-fighting foams are widely used to control and extinguish Class B fires and to inhibit re-ignition. These foams can also be used for prevention of ignition of flammable liquids and, in certain conditions, to extinguish Class A fires.

Foams can be used in combination with other extinguishing media, particularly gaseous media and powders, which are the subject of other European Standards (see the European foreword).

These specifications have been designed to ensure that fire extinguishing media have the minimum useful fire fighting capability. The user should ensure that the foam concentrates are used accurately at the concentration recommended by the manufacturer. Fire performances indicated by this standard cannot replicate practical fire situations.

Foam concentrates of different types and manufacture should not be mixed.

Some combinations of extinguishing powder and foam can lead to unacceptable loss of efficiency, caused by unfavourable interaction of the chosen media when applied simultaneously or successively to the fire.

It is extremely important that the foam concentrate after dilution with water to the recommended concentration does not in normal usage present a significant toxic hazard to life in relation to the environment. Commission Directive 2006/60/CE and Regulations (EC) No 1272/2008 (CLP) and No 1907/2006 (REACH) apply when considering the testing of ecotoxicological properties and safety in the work environment.

A special quality characteristic is the type test conducted by an independent testing laboratory accredited to EN ISO/IEC 17025.

This document specifies requirements for chemical and physical properties, and minimum performance requirements of low expansion foams suitable for surface application to water-miscible liquids. Requirements are also specified for marking.

IMPORTANT — The fire performance is tested using acetone and isopropanol as the fuel, which also forms the basis for the performance classification. However, there are a large number of water-miscible liquids which have more or less different properties to acetone and isopropanol. It has been shown by tests using other fuels that the performance of various foams can differ considerably. Examples of such fuel is Methyl Ethyl Ketone (MEK). It is therefore essential that the user checks for any unfavourable or unacceptable loss of efficiency when the foam is used against fires in any other water-miscible fuels than acetone and isopropanol respectively. The fire test conditions and procedure given in Clause J.2 can be used in order to achieve results comparative with acetone and isopropanol respectively and related requirements.

It is also essential for the user to note that other fuel depths and methods of application than those specified in Clause J.2 can cause considerable loss of efficiency and these matters should be carefully considered by the user when assessing the suitability for particular applications.

WARNING — Any type approval according to this standard is invalidated by any change in composition of the approved product.

NOTE Some concentrates conforming to this document can also conform to other parts and therefore can also be suitable for application as medium and/or high expansion foams.

The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.

EN 13565 (all parts), Fixed firefighting systems — Foam systems

EN ISO 2811‑1, Paints and varnishes - Determination of density - Part 1: Pycnometer method (ISO 2811-1)

EN ISO 3104, Petroleum products - Transparent and opaque liquids - Determination of kinematic viscosity and calculation of dynamic viscosity (ISO 3104)

EN ISO 3219‑2:2021, Rheology - Part 2: General principles of rotational and oscillatory rheometry (ISO 3219-2:2021)

EN ISO 3675, Crude petroleum and liquid petroleum products - Laboratory determination of density - Hydrometer method (ISO 3675)

EN ISO 11348‑2, Water quality - Determination of the inhibitory effect of water samples on the light emission of Vibrio fischeri (Luminescent bacteria test) - Part 2: Method using liquid-dried bacteria (ISO 11348-2)

EN ISO 23753‑1, Soil quality - Determination of dehydrogenases activity in soils - Part 1: Method using triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) (ISO 23753-1:2019)

ISO 304, Surface active agents — Determination of surface tension by drawing up liquid films

ISO 3310‑1, Test sieves — Technical requirements and testing — Part 1: Test sieves of metal wire cloth

OECD 201, Test No. 201: Freshwater Alga and Cyanobacteria, Growth Inhibition Test

OECD 202, Test No. 202: Daphnia sp. Acute Immobilisation Test

OECD 203, Test No. 203: Fish, Acute Toxicity Test

OECD 301, Test No. 301: Ready Biodegradability

OECD 404, Test No. 404: Acute Dermal Irritation/Corrosion

OECD 405, Test No. 405: Acute Eye Irritation/Corrosion

OECD 420, Test No. 420: Acute Oral Toxicity – Fixed Dose Procedure

For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.

ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:

• IEC Electropedia: available at https://www.electropedia.org/
• ISO Online browsing platform: available at https://www.iso.org/obp

3.1

25 %/50 % drainage time

time taken for 25 %/50 % of the volume of the original foam solution to drain out of the generated foam

3.2

expansion (E)

expansion value

expansion ratio

ratio of the volume of foam to the volume of the foam solution from which it was made

3.3

low expansion foam

foam which has an expansion ratio less than 20

3.4

medium expansion foam

foam which has an expansion ratio greater than or equal to 20 but less than 200

3.5

high expansion foam

foam which has an expansion ratio greater than or equal to 200

3.6

fire-fighting foam

aggregate of air-filled bubbles formed from a foam solution used for fire fighting

3.7

foam concentrate

liquid which is diluted with water to produce foam solution

Note 1 to entry: Annex A gives information on grades of foam concentrate.

3.8

foam solution

homogeneous mixture of foam concentrate and water in the proportions as specified by the foam concentrate manufacturer

3.9

premix

foam solution prepared in a batch process by introducing a measured amount of foam concentrate into a given amount of water in a storage

3.10

sediment

insoluble particles in the foam concentrate

3.11

Newtonian foam concentrates

foam concentrates which have a viscosity which is independent of the shear rate

3.12

pseudo-plastic foam concentrates

foam concentrates which have a viscosity which decreases with increasing shear rate

3.13

surface tension

tension within the interface between a liquid and air

3.14

freezing point

temperature at which the first ingredient of a mixture starts to solidify or freeze out

3.15

designation

identifying name

name that corresponds to a chemical formulation and a specific production process

Note 1 to entry: The designation guarantees consistency of the characteristics, performance and conditions of use of the foam concentrate.

3.16

demineralized water

water conforming to EN ISO 3696 (Grade 3), or having a surface tension greater than 70 mN⋅m−1 and a conductivity of ≤ 5 μS⋅cm−1

Note 1 to entry: Surface tension tested in accordance with Clause G.2.

3.17

qualified personnel

designated individual, suitably trained, competent through knowledge and practical experience and with the necessary instruction to enable the tests and examinations to be carried out

3.17

gentle application

application (of foam from the test nozzle) indirectly to the surface of the fuel from a backboard

Note 1 to entry: This definition of gentle application relates to the fire test procedures used in EN 1568‑3 and EN 1568‑4. In practice fire-fighting systems foam can also be applied gently by fixed foam pourers or by indirect application via a tank wall or other surface.

Any sediment in the foam concentrate sampled in accordance with Annex B, but not aged in accordance with Clause C.1, shall be dispersible through a 180 μm sieve, and the percentage volume of sediment shall be not more than 0,25 % when tested in accordance with Annex C.

Any sediment in the foam concentrate sampled in accordance with Annex B, and aged in accordance with Clause C.1, shall be dispersible through a 180 μm sieve and the percentage volume of sediment shall be not more than 1,0 % when tested in accordance with Annex C.

The freezing point of the foam concentrate sampled in accordance with Annex B shall be determined in accordance with Annex D.

The viscosity of the foam concentrate shall be measured from 20 °C up to and including the lowest temperature for use claimed by the manufacturer in steps of 10 °C. Use a fresh sample for each temperature.

The viscosity of the foam concentrate shall be determined in accordance with EN ISO 3104. If the viscosity is > 200 mm2 s–1, the container shall be marked in accordance with Clause 14, item j).

The viscosity of the foam concentrate shall be determined in accordance with Annex E. If the viscosity at the lowest temperature for use is greater than or equal to 120 mPa·s at 375 s−1, the container shall be marked in accordance with Clause 14, item k).

The pH of the foam concentrate sampled in accordance with Annex B shall be not less than 6,0 and not more than 9,5 at (20 ± 1) °C.

The surface tension (determined in accordance with Clause G.2) of the foam solutions prepared using top and bottom half-samples (see Clause F.4) of the foam concentrate sampled in accordance with Annex B and conditioned in accordance with Annex F shall be not less than 0,95 times and not more than 1,05 times the surface tension of the foam solution prepared using the sampled foam concentrate.

The foam concentrate shall not separate, stratify or precipitate as indicated by two or more distinct layers when tested in accordance with Annex H.

The amount of solid deposits of the aged sample determined according to Annex C at 20 °C in synthetic foams shall not increase from the fresh sample.

The amount of solid deposits of the aged sample determined according to Annex C at 20 °C in protein foams shall not increase by more than 4 times the amount obtained from the fresh sample, and shall not exceed a volume fraction of 1 % in total.

The foam produced from the foam solution prepared from the foam concentrate sampled in accordance with Annex B, at the supplier’s recommended concentration with simulated fresh water in accordance with Clause I.4, shall be tested in accordance with Annex I and give an expansion according to 3.3. If appropriate, a further sample of the same concentration made with the simulated sea water in accordance with Clause I.4 shall also be tested.

The foams produced from the solutions prepared with simulated fresh water by using top and bottom half-samples (see Clause F.4) of foam concentrate sampled in accordance with Annex B at the supplier’s recommended concentration, when tested in accordance with Annex I, shall have the following:

a) expansions which do not differ from each other or from the value obtained according to 10.1 using simulated fresh water (i.e. before temperature conditioning) by more than 20 % of the value obtained according to 10.1 using simulated fresh water; and

b) 25 % drainage times which do not differ from each other or from the value obtained according to 10.1 using simulated fresh water (i.e. before temperature conditioning) by more than 20 % of the value obtained according to 10.1 using simulated fresh water.

If appropriate, the tests shall be repeated using top and bottom half-samples (see Clause F.4) of foam concentrate, sampled in accordance with Annex B at the supplier’s recommended concentration, using foam solutions prepared with the simulated sea water in accordance with Clause I.4. These foam solutions shall have the following:

c) expansions which do not differ from each other or from the value obtained according to 10.1 using the simulated sea water (i.e. before temperature conditioning) by more than 20 % of the value obtained according to 10.1 using the simulated sea water in accordance with Clause I.4; and

d) 25 % drainage times which do not differ from each other or from the value obtained according to 10.1 using the simulated sea water (i.e. before temperature conditioning) by more than 20 % of the value obtained according to 10.1 using the simulated sea water in accordance with Clause I.4.

NOTE Expansion is dependent on the foam concentrate and the equipment used to make the foam.

The foam produced from the foam solutions prepared using the foam concentrate sampled in accordance with Annex B at the supplier's recommended concentration with simulated fresh water in accordance with Clause I.4, and if appropriate at the same concentration with the simulated sea water in accordance with Clause I.4, shall have an extinguishing performance class and burn-back resistance level as specified in Table 1 when tested in accordance with Clause J.2 and Clause J.3.

NOTE 1 The values obtained with sea water can differ from those obtained with simulated fresh water.

NOTE 2 Annex M describes a small-scale fire test which can be suitable for quality control purposes.

NOTE 3 The lack of homogeneity of the premix can influence the firefighting performance of the foam generated from it.

Table 1 — Extinguishing performance classes and burn-back resistance levels

The manufacturer shall provide information as specified in Annex K.

If the data for the ecotoxicological report was generated by a third party, this data may be added to the test report or may added as a reference. If the data for the ecotoxicological report was generated by mathematical means (or as a reference) it shall be added to the test report.

If the toxicological/ecotoxicological data were generated by application of mathematical methodologies in accordance with Annex K the corresponding report shall be added to the report confirming conformity with this document.

If the toxicological/ecotoxicological data were generated by an independent third party the data may be added to the report confirming conformity to this document either as a report or as a reference to the report-ID given by the third party.

Firefighting foam concentrates are recommended to be checked annually for their quality, indicating their functionality. The test program described in 13.2 is considered to be a collection of analytical methods which in its entirety is suitable to detect degradation or a declining function of a foam concentrate.

The outcome of the annual foam quality check described in 13.2 is intended to be used to qualify or disqualify a foam concentrate for its further usability. Therefore, the quality of testing and evaluation of test data is a special quality characteristic of the body executing the foam quality check.

13.2.1 The sample of the foam concentrate(s) shall be collected in such a way, that the sample is representative of the stored volume.

13.2.2 A full declaration of the foam product’s identity, hazards associated with it [see section 2 of the most recent material safety data sheet (MSDS)], as well as information on PFAS content, proportioning rate, age, storage condition and possible contaminations shall be given.

13.2.3 For foam concentrates which can be used as low, medium and high expansion foam the desired testing expansion shall be specified as well as the water quality (simulated fresh or sea water) to be used.

13.2.4 Packing and labelling of foam concentrate samples is subject to European regulation on packaging and labelling of chemical mixtures (Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008, CLP, e.g. Article 35).

13.2.5 The equipment for testing shall be calibrated and maintained in full function.

13.2.6 The foam concentrate sample should be processed as it was received. If stratification, sedimentation or other inhomogeneities are visible, that sample shall not be homogenised prior to testing. Instead, the sample may be considered as a fail.

13.2.7 A comprehensive test report with all tested results should be provided. The report may include evaluation of the obtained results and further recommendations. If this is the case, this shall be indicated as an evaluation of the data based on the experience and knowledge of the body executing the foam quality test.

13.2.8 The test data shall be compared with the technical data of the respective foam concentrate given by the manufacturer.

Table 2 indicates the type of analysis that should be run for a given type of foam concentrate. Annex N gives test descriptions and requirements.

Table 2 — Types of analysis

The extinguishing performance of foams is influenced by the foam expansion ratio.

For foams of the type F3-AR (fire extinguishing performance class I and class II) fire extinguishing tests shall be performed according to Annex O, Table O.1 a) and b), to determine the degree of the performance impact caused by changing the expansion ratio.

Foams that are claimed by the manufacturer to be suitable for use in fixed firefighting systems according to EN 13565 (all parts) shall additionally be tested according to Annex O, Table O.1 c).

The records of the tests (O.2.3) and the test results should be made available to the end user according to Clause O.5.

The manufacturer should provide information for the foam concentrate. An example of the type of information provided in a manufacturer's technical information sheet is given in Annex P.

Markings on shipping containers should be permanent and legible. The following information shall be marked on the packaging or transport container:

a) the designation (identifying name) of the concentrate;

b) the words “low expansion fire-fighting foam concentrate” and the number and publication date of this document (i.e. EN 1568‑4:2025);

NOTE 1 For low expansion concentrates which also conform to other parts of the EN 1568 series additional markings can be used as specified in those parts.

c) recommended usage concentration (mostly commonly 1 %, 3 % or 6 %);

d) recommended maximum storage temperature, lowest temperature for use and freezing point;

e) if the manufacturer advises that the foam concentrate is adversely affected by low temperature storage according to Annex F, the words “Do not freeze”;

f) the nominal quantity in the container;

g) the supplier's name and address;

h) the batch number and the date of manufacture;

i) the words “Not suitable for use with sea water” or “Suitable for use with sea water” as appropriate;

j) if the foam concentrate is Newtonian and the viscosity at the lowest temperature for use is greater than 200 mm2 s-1 when measured in accordance with EN ISO 3104 the words “This concentrate can require special proportioning equipment”;

k) if the foam concentrate is pseudo-plastic and the viscosity at the lowest temperature for use is greater than or equal to 120 mPa·s at 375 s−1 the words “Pseudo-plastic foam concentrate. This concentrate can require special proportioning equipment”;

l) the lowest extinguishing performance class and the lowest burn-back resistance level obtained with all fuels in simulated fresh water and sea water.

NOTE 2 The marking of shipping containers shipped to laboratories for testing are exempt from this requirement.

1. 
   (informative)
   
   Grades of foam concentrate

Foam concentrates are graded as follows:

a) protein foam concentrates (P): these are liquids derived from hydrolysed protein materials;

b) fluoroprotein foam concentrates (FP): these are protein concentrates with added fluorinated surface active agents;

c) synthetic foam concentrates (S): these are based upon mixtures of hydrocarbon surface-active agents and do not contain fluoroorganic compounds;

d) alcohol-resistant foam concentrates (AR): these can be suitable for use on hydrocarbon fuels, and additionally are resistant to breakdown when applied to the surface of water-miscible liquid fuels. Some alcohol-resistant foam concentrates can precipitate a polymeric membrane on the surface of alcohol;

e) aqueous film-forming foam concentrates (AFFF): these are based on mixtures of hydrocarbon surfactants and fluorinated surface active agents and have the ability to form an aqueous film on the surface of some hydrocarbon fuels;

f) film-forming fluoroprotein foam concentrates (FFFP): these are fluoroprotein foam concentrates which have the ability to form an aqueous film on the surface of some hydrocarbon fuels.

g) fluorine free foam concentrates (F3): these foam concentrates are dedicated to meeting fire performance ratings and are targeting applications similar to AFFF and/or AR-foams without using fluoroorganic compounds. These foam concentrates are based upon mixtures of hydrocarbon surface-active agents and non-fluorine containing stabilizers.

NOTE Fluorine free foams are currently not considered to provide an aqueous film.

1. 
   (normative)
   
   Sampling of foam concentrates

The samples for testing shall be delivered by the supplier in completely filled sealable containers. The samples for testing shall be taken and delivered by the supplier using a method which provides a representative sample of the foam concentrate to be tested.

NOTE Nominal 20-l containers are convenient.

1. 
   (normative)
   
   Determination of percentage sediment

NOTE See Clause 4.

• 1. Sampling

Use a sample prepared in accordance with Annex B. Place approximately 1 l of the sample in a suitable container of nominal capacity sufficient to provide an ullage of 5 % to 10 % of the container volume. Seal the container. Ensure that any sediment is dispersed evenly by agitating the sample container.

Take two samples, testing one immediately at a temperature of (20 ± 5) °C, and the other after ageing for (24 ± 2) h at (60 ± 2) °C in a completely filled container without access to air.

• 1. Apparatus

C.2.1 Graduated centrifuge tubes.

NOTE The centrifuge tubes described in ISO 3734 are suitable.

C.2.2 Centrifuge, operating at (6 000 ± 600) m s−2.

NOTE The centrifuge described in ISO 3734 is suitable.

C.2.3 180 μm sieve, conforming to ISO 3310‑1.

C.2.4 Plastic wash bottle

• 1. Procedure

C.3.1 Centrifuge each sample of the concentrate for 10 min. Determine the volume of the sediment and report it as a percentage of the volume of the centrifuged sample.

C.3.2 Wash the contents of the centrifuge tube onto the sieve and check whether the sediment can be dispersed through the sieve by the jet from the plastic wash bottle.

1. 
   (normative)
   
   Freezing point determination
   1. General

NOTE See Clause 5.

This test is derived from the test procedure in EN ISO 5764 "Freezing Point of Milk".

• 1. Apparatus

D.2.1 Cooling bath, capable of attaining temperatures below minus 30 °C.

D.2.2 250 ml vessel (double-neck flask or beaker) with stirrer.

D.2.3 Temperature measuring device, capable of electronic data read-out and accuracy of ±0,5 K.

NOTE Examples for a suitable device would be a Pt100 or a thermocouple, type K class 1.

D.2.4 XY-recorder for plotting a curve of temperature against time.

• 1. Procedure

D.3.1 Fill (200 ± 10) ml sample into the 250 ml vessel.

D.3.2 Insert the stirrer and the temperature measuring device into the vessel in such a way that the temperature measuring device does not touch the stirrer, and is completely covered by liquid.

D.3.3 Insert the vessel into the cooling bath.

D.3.4 Start the stirrer, and adjust the speed so that the entire volume of liquid is slightly agitated, but no air is drawn into the liquid.

D.3.5 Set the cooling bath temperature to (5 to 10) °C below the expected freezing point of the liquid.

D.3.6 Note the temperature, and plot a graph of temperature against time.

D.3.7 The temperature curve will drop until a certain point, when it will rise for a period before dropping again.

D.3.8 The freezing point of the liquid is the highest point of this part of the graph, before the curve starts to drop again.

• 1. Example of a temperature against time curve for evaluation

Key

Figure D.1 — XY-Plotter (temperature against time curve)

Interpretation of the curve:

The obtained curve should look like as given in Figure D.1. The temperature drop is from right to left (Axis X), the dashed line curve obtained from bath temperature and the solid line curve from the sample.

The slight temperature rise shown in the solid line curve is caused by the crystallization heat released by the freezing out of the first component. The maximum (shown here as –10,2 °C) is to be recorded as the freezing point.

1. 
   (normative)
   
   Determination of viscosity for pseudo-plastic foam concentrates

NOTE The measurement principle is described in EN ISO 3219-2.

• 1. Pseudo-plastic foam concentrates

Pseudo-plastic foam concentrates have a viscosity which decreases with increasing shear rate at constant temperature.

NOTE Pseudo-plastic foam concentrates are a particular class of non-Newtonian foam concentrate.

• 1. Viscosity determination
     1. Apparatus

E.2.1.1 Rotational viscometer in accordance with EN ISO 3219-2 with the following parameters:

• absolute measuring geometry according to EN ISO 3219-2:2021, 6.3.2;
• maximum shear stress ≥ 75 Pa;
• maximum shear rate ≥ 600 s^-1.

The viscometer shall be fitted with a temperature control unit which can maintain the sample temperature within ± 1 °C of the required temperature.

NOTE An example for an absolute measuring geometry is the cone-plate measuring geometry.

• • 1. Viscosity measurement

If the sample contains suspended air bubbles, the sample shall be centrifuged for 10 min using the apparatus specified in C.2.1 and C.2.2 before the sample is applied in the apparatus.

The viscosity measurement shall be obtained according to the following test procedure:

1) adjustment of temperature control unit;

2) setting of the gap;

3) application of the sample;

4) wait to reach temperature equilibrium;

5) 1 min pre-shearing at 600 s−1;

6) 1 min waiting period without shearing;

7) measure the shear stress at least at the following 12 shear rates: 10 s-1, 20 s-1, 50 s-1, 75 s−1, 100 s-1, 150 s−1, 225 s−1, 300 s−1, 375 s−1, 450 s−1, 525 s−1, 600 s−1. Measure the shear stress for 10 s at each shear rate.

8) Calculate the shear viscosity from Formula (E.1):

(E.1)

where

9) Repetition of steps 1) to 8) for double determination and mean value calculation.

• • 1. Results

Report the results as a table, including test temperature (°C), shear rate (s−1), shear stress (Pa), shear viscosity (mPa·s) and measuring geometry.

1. 
   (normative)
   
   Temperature conditioning of foam concentrates
   1. General

If the foam concentrate is claimed by the supplier not to be adversely affected by storage at −30 °C, condition the sample in accordance with Clause F.2 and then in accordance with Clause F.3; otherwise, condition only in accordance with Clause F.3.

• 1. Low temperature conditioning
     1. Apparatus

F.2.1.1 Freezing chamber, capable of achieving a temperature of (−30 ± 3) °C.

F.2.1.2 Sample containers, in accordance with Annex B.

NOTE More than one container can be needed to condition sufficient volume of foam concentrate for subsequent testing.

• • 1. Procedure

Set the temperature of the freezing chamber to (−30 ± 3) °C.

Do not agitate the content of the container(s) at any time until the sample of foam concentrate has been divided into top and bottom half-samples (see Clause F.4).

Place the sample container(s) in the freezing chamber and maintain at the required temperature for (24 ± 1) h. At the end of this period store the container(s) for not less than 48 h and not more than 96 h in an ambient temperature of (20 ± 5) °C.

Repeat 3 times so that there are four cycles of freezing and thawing before testing.

• 1. High-temperature conditioning
     1. Apparatus

F.3.1.1 Oven, capable of achieving a temperature of (60 ± 3) °C.

• • 1. Procedure

Set the temperature of the oven to (60 ± 3) °C.

If the foam concentrate sample has not been conditioned in accordance with Clause F.2 use foam concentrate sampled in accordance with Annex B; otherwise use containers conditioned in accordance with Clause F.2. Do not agitate the content of the container(s) at any time until the sample of foam concentrate has been divided into top and bottom half-samples (see Clause F.4).

Place the container(s) in the oven and maintain at required temperature for 7 days. At the end of this period store the container(s) for not less than 48 h and not more 96 h in an ambient temperature of (20 ± 5) °C.

• 1. Division into top and bottom half-samples
     1. Apparatus

F.4.1.1 Top half-sample container(s).

Sealable empty container(s), suitable for the foam concentrate to be tested, of minimum half the volume of the sample container(s) as described in Annex B.

F.4.1.2 Divider device.

After conditioning, the top sample from the sample container shall be divided from the bottom sample by pressurizing the sample container and force the top sample through a delivery pipe into the top sample container described in F.4.1.1. A principle sketch of the divider and sample container is shown in Figure F.1.

The delivery pipe and the pressure inlet can be fitted to the lid of the original sample container. In practice it might be necessary to use different fittings depending on the design of the lid and sample container. Be sure that the fitting between divider and the lid is air tight to keep the pressure needed to force the foam concentrate through the delivery pipe.

In order to ensure that there is no mixture between the top sample and the bottom sample during the division process, the delivery pipe shall be adjustable in vertical direction. The inlet of the delivery pipe shall be conical and equipped with a plate in order to provide a horizontal flow into the pipe as shown in Figure F.1. In order to make it possible to mount the delivery pipe either the cone and plate shall be detachable or the delivery pipe shall be designed in a way that it can be mounted through the lid. Other suitable design of the divider device is permitted provided that the function is the same.

Key

Figure F.1 — Example of a suitable equipment to divide the conditioned foam concentrate into top and bottom half-samples

• • 1. Procedure

Mount the divider device to the sample container. Adjust the delivery pipe in vertical direction so that the inlet of the delivery pipe is positioned below the surface, on a vertical distance of approximately 1/3 into the top half-sample. Pressurize the sample container carefully and start collecting the top half-sample foam concentrate into the empty top half-sample container. Interrupt the pressurizing just before the foam liquid surface reaches the inlet of the delivery pipe. Lower the delivery pipe another 1/3 into the top half-sample and repeat the procedure twice. At the end of the dividing process, the top half-sample shall have been collected from three levels.

The bottom half-sample should preferably be kept in the original sample container.

Before subsequent testing starts of the top and bottom half-samples for Clause 8 and Clause 10, the top half-container and the bottom half-sample container shall be agitated in order to provide a homogenous foam sample.

1. 
   (normative)
   
   Determination of surface tension
   1. Solution of foam concentrate

NOTE See Clause 8.

Solution of foam concentrate, at the recommended usage concentration in demineralized water.

• 1. Procedure — Surface tension

Determine the surface tension of the solution at a temperature of (20 ± 3) °C using the ring or plate method of ISO 304.

In the test report state which method (ring or plate) was used.

1. 
   (normative)
   
   Stability/Separation test of foam concentrate
   1. General

NOTE See Clause 9.

• 1. Apparatus

H.2.1 Freezing chamber, capable of achieving a temperature of (1 ± 2) °C.

H.2.2 Oven, capable of achieving a temperature of (50 ± 3) °C.

H.2.3 Two 500 ml graduated cylinders with stoppers, approximately 400 mm high and 65 mm in diameter.

• 1. Procedure

Two 500 ml graduated cylinders with foam concentrate shall be filled, sealed with stoppers and then placed in the conditioning environment (freezing chamber and oven) where foam concentrate will not be exposed to agitation such as stirring or shaking.

Place one filled cylinder in the freezing chamber and maintain at the required temperature (1 ± 2) °C for 30 days.

Place one filled cylinder in the oven and maintain at the required temperature (50 ± 3) °C for 30 days.

After 30 days conditioning the foam concentrates shall be visually examined (without letting the sample equilibrate to room temperature) to determine compliance with Clause 12.

NOTE 1 The formation of a thin layer of condensed water on top of the sample is disregarded.

NOTE 2 Formation of a thin gel layer on top of the sample as a result of condensed water reacting with polymers in polymer containing foam concentrates is disregarded.

Do not agitate, stir or shake the content of the graduated cylinders at any time until the entire test is finished.

1. 
   (normative)
   
   Determination of expansion and drainage time
   1. Apparatus

NOTE See Clause 10.

I.1.1 Collecting vessel (see Figure I.1), of nominal volume V 1,6 l and accurately known to ±1 % and equipped with a drain at the base.

I.1.2 Foam collector, as shown in Figure I.2.

I.1.3 Foam-making equipment, with nozzle as shown in Figure I.3 and Figure I.4 which, when tested with water, has a flow rate of (11,4 ± 0,1) l/min.

I.1.4 Stop clock, or other timing device.

• 1. Temperature conditions

Carry out the tests under the following temperature conditions:

• air temperature: (20 ± 5) °C;
• foam solution temperature: (17,5 ± 2,5) °C.
  1. Procedure

I.3.1 Prepare two samples of foam concentrate in accordance with Annex B. Condition one other sample in accordance with Annex F, to give a total of three samples (non-conditioned, bottom-conditioned, and top-conditioned).

I.3.2 Carry out the remainder of the procedure for each sample on the same day. Prepare a foam solution of each sample following the supplier's recommendations for concentration, maximum premix time, compatibility with the test equipment, avoiding contamination by other types of foam, etc.

Use simulated fresh water to make up the foam solutions and, if the supplier claims the concentrate to be suitable for sea water, also make foam solutions at the same concentration using simulated sea water prepared in accordance with Clause I.4.

The concentration used in simulated sea water shall be the same as the concentration used in simulated fresh water.

The mixing time to prepare the foam solution using the foam concentrate shall be limited to maximum of 15 min. The time starts when the foam concentrate is put into the water to start mixing. The time ends when the test starts.

If the foam concentrate is intended to be used at two different concentrations (i.e. AFFF-AR 3X6), the tests shall be performed at both concentrations.

I.3.3 Set up the nozzle horizontally, directly in front of the foam collector, with the front of the nozzle (3 ± 0,3) m from the top edge of the collector. Set up the foam equipment and adjust the nozzle pressure to give a flow rate of (11,4 ± 0,1) l/min. Discharge foam and adjust the height of the nozzle so that the discharge strikes the collector centrally. Keep the nozzle horizontal. Wet the vessel internally and weigh it. Record the mass (M1). Allow the discharge to stabilize. With the drain at the base closed, collect foam, taking care that voids are not formed in the vessel, starting the timing device when the vessel is full. Then stop collecting foam and strike the surface level with the rim. Clean the vessel of foam running outside after the strike of the foam.

Weigh the vessel and record the mass (M2).

Calculate the expansion E from Formula (I.1):

(I.1)

where

Assume that the density of the foam solution is 1,0 kg/l.

Open the drainage facility and measure the 25 % and 50 % drainage time. Determine the drainage either by having the vessel on a scale and recording the mass loss or by collecting the drained foam solution in a measuring cylinder. Adjust the drainage facility such that the drained foam solution can flow out while preventing the passage of foam. For each foam solution carry out the test three times.

The test may be aborted after 60 min and the amount of drained liquid reported, if 25 % drainage was not reached within this time.

NOTE This can be achieved by controlling the level of the liquid/foam interface in the plastic tube at the outlet.

I.3.4 For each sample calculate the mean values of the three tests for the expansion and 25 % and 50 % drainage time.

• 1. Simulated fresh and sea water

Prepare the simulated fresh water and the simulated sea water by mixing the components according to Table I.1.

Table I.1 — Simulated fresh and sea water

Dimensions are nominal and in millimetres

Key

Figure I.1 — Collecting vessel for determination of expansion and drainage time

Dimensions are nominal and in millimetres

Key

NOTE Suitable materials for the collection surface are stainless steel, aluminium, brass or plastics.

Figure I.2 — Foam collector for expansion and drainage measurement

Dimensions in millimetres

Figure I.3 — Foam-making nozzle (general arrangement) ^[1]

Dimensions in millimetres

Both ends of K1 and K2 shall not be chamfered but ground flat and deburred.

Figure I.4 — Foam-making nozzle (details of Figure I.3)

1. 
   (normative)
   
   Determination of test fire performance
   1. General

NOTE See Clause 11.

The tests described in this annex are more expensive and time consuming than the other tests described in the standard. It is recommended that they are carried out at the end of the test programme, so as to avoid the expense of unnecessary testing.

• 1. General conditions
     1. Test series and criteria for success
        1. Foam concentrates not compatible with sea water

Carry out one test with simulated fresh water (see Clause I.4) on propan-2-one (acetone) and one test with simulated fresh water on propan-2-ol (isopropanol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA). If both tests are successful, or if both tests are unsuccessful, terminate the test series. If one test is unsuccessful, repeat that test. The concentrate conforms to Clause 11 if the first two tests are successful, or if one of the first two tests is successful, and the repeat test is successful.

• • • 1. Foam concentrates compatible with sea water

Carry out one test with simulated fresh water (see Clause I.4) on propan-2-one (acetone), and one test with simulated fresh water on propan-2-ol (isopropanol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA). If both tests are successful, carry out one test with simulated sea water (see Clause I.4) on propan-2-one (acetone), and one test with the simulated sea water of Clause I.4 on propan-2-ol (isopropanol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA). If all tests are successful, terminate the test series. If one of the simulated fresh water tests is not successful, repeat that test. If one of the simulated sea water tests is not successful, repeat that test. The concentrate conforms to Clause 11 if all four tests have been successful, or in the case of one or two unsuccessful results, the repeat or repeats has or have been successful.

• • 1. Temperatures and wind speed

Carry out the fire tests under the conditions specified in Table J.1 and record the measured values before the fire test.

Table J.1 — Temperature and wind speed test conditions

• • 1. Records

During the fire test record the following:

a) location; indoors or outdoors;

b) wind speed;

c) 90 % control time;

d) 99 % control time;

e) extinction time; and

f) 25 % and 100 % burn-back time.

NOTE 90 % control time and burn-back time can be determined either visually by an experienced person or from thermal radiation measurements. Annex L gives details of a method suitable for low expansion foams.

• • 1. Foam solution

Prepare a foam solution following the recommendations of the supplier for concentration, maximum premix time, compatibility with the test equipment, avoiding contamination by other types of foam, etc.

Use simulated fresh water in accordance with Clause I.4 to prepare the foam solution and, if the supplier claims that the concentrate is suitable for use in sea water, make a second foam solution at the same concentration using the simulated sea water in accordance with Clause I.4.

The mixing time to prepare the premix using the foam concentrate shall be limited to maximum of 15 min. The time starts when the foam concentrate is put into the water to start mixing. The time ends when the test fire is ignited.

• • 1. Fuel

Use Propan-2-one (acetone) of not less than 99 % purity.

Use Propan-2-ol (isopropanol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA) of not less than 99 % purity.

• 1. Fire test
     1. Apparatus

J.3.1.1 Circular fire tray, of stainless steel grade EN: X5CrNi18-10 with:

a) dimensions as follows:

b) a vertical stainless steel backboard (1 ± 0,05) m high and (1 ± 0,05) m long and 2,5 mm thick fitted as closely as possible along the curved top of the curved wall.

The backboard shall be removed before the burn-back test is started.

NOTE The tray has an area of approximately 1,73 m2.

J.3.1.2 Foam-making equipment, as described in I.1.3 and adjusted to give a flow of (11,4 ± 0,1) l/min.

J.3.1.3 Stainless steel burn-back pot, of nominal thickness 2,5 mm, diameter (300 ± 5) mm and height (250 ± 5) mm.

• • 1. Test procedure

Place the fire tray directly on the ground and ensure that it is level. Set up the foam nozzle horizontally (1 ± 0,05) m above the fuel level in a position where the central part of the foam discharge will strike the centre axis of the backboard (0,5 ± 0,1) m above the fuel level (see Figure J.1). Clean the tray. Add (125 ± 5) l of fuel.

Ignite the fuel, not less than 3 min and not more than 5 min after adding it. Start foam application (120 ± 2) s after full involvement. Readjust the nozzle to ensure that the jet continues to hit the centre of the backboard. If the foam concentrate is claimed to be Class 1, apply foam for (180 ± 2) s. If the foam concentrate is claimed to be Class 2, apply foam for (300 ± 2) s. Record the extinction time as the period between the start of foam application and extinction of all flames within the fire tray. If a fire remains only on the outside of the tray after foam application, manually extinguish this fire before starting the burn-back test.

After a further (300 ± 10) s place a burn-back pot containing (2 ± 0,1) l of the same test fuel in the centre of the tray, and ignite. Record the 25 % burn-back time. When 100 % of the tray is covered by sustained flames, record this as the 100 % burn-back time (for information only).

NOTE During foam application some foam may overflow from the fire tray, possibly carrying burning fuel. It is advisable to mount the test fire tray within a non-combustible bunded or dyked area to contain any foam overflow.

Dimensions in metres

Key

Figure J.1 — Test fire arrangement for low expansion foam

1. 
   (normative)
   
   Occupational health and ecotoxicological testing

This annex provides guidance on how the occupational health and ecotoxicological information can be determined. The manufacturer shall provide data for the following parameters as shown in Table K.1 for both foam concentrate and foam solution at the maximum concentration for use recommended by the manufacturer.

Table K.1 — Parameters for foam concentrate and foam solution

The above data in Table K.1 should be generated following the procedures in accordance with the most recent version of the Council Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 (CLP), Council Regulation (EC) No 440/2008 and Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (REACH). Other national specific test methods than those listed in Table K.1 may be used, provided they give comparable results.

REACH and CLP allow the application of mathematical methodology to evaluate the toxicological properties of a mixture based on the toxicological information of its constituents in order to reduce animal (vertebrates) testing as much as possible.

The selection of alternative test procedures shall be meaningful for the typical use of the foam agent (e.g. acute fish toxicity on fresh water or marine fish).

The test report/reports shall mention the method used (mathematical or testing) and reference the source of the data provided.

It might be useful for users of foam concentrate to have requested information for all recommended proportioning ratios.

1. 
   (informative)
   
   Description of a radiation measurement method
   1. Evaluation

Radiation measurement is a convenient and objective way to monitor the performance of a foam during the fire performance test. It reduces the need for visual observations (except for flame flickers and time for complete extinction).

This annex describes the equipment and procedure^[2] which have been used in a series of tests at one testing laboratory, and the methods used to interpret and present the results. The method is suitable for low and medium expansion foams, but not for high expansion foams.

• 1. General arrangement of test

Place two radiometers diametrically in relation to the tray as shown in Figure L.1. The distance between the radiometers and the rim of the tray should be not less than twice the diameter of the tray and the height above the rim not less than 1,5 m.

NOTE Maximum distance is limited by the sensitivity of the radiometers.

Record the radiation levels continuously or with intervals not exceeding 1 s.

Dimensions in metres

Key

Figure L.1 — Location of the radiometers for recording of the heat radiation during fire performance tests

• 1. Technical data for radiometers^[3]

Use two radiometers of the Gardon gauge or Schmidt-Boelter type, cooled with water maintained at a constant (30 ± 10) °C during the measurements.

The radiometers shall absorb at least 90 % of the incoming radiation within the range of wavelengths 0,6 μm to 15,0 μm.

For a fully developed fire the radiometer reading should be not less than 0,6 times full scale.

The radiometers shall have a maximum nonlinearity of ± 3 % of the nominal range of measurement, and a maximum response time of 2 s (up to 63 % of full response).

NOTE A radiometer with protective glass can be used, provided that the requirements for spectral sensitivity are satisfied. If it is assumed to be desirable, the recommendation to use the range of measurement can be changed, if the radiometers have a better linearity. Less than 40 % utilization is not advisable as the influence of background radiation might cause too high an effect.

• 1. Procedure

Correct the output from the two radiometers by deducting the background radiation recorded from 5 s to 10 s after the point of time for complete extinction.

Determine the mean value of the output from the two radiometers.

Determine the average radiation value (free burning radiation value) by averaging the recorded values over the 25 s period starting from the 30 s to the 5 s before start of the foam application (see Figure L.2).

Determine the relative radiation by dividing the output radiation from the radiometers with the calculated average free burning radiation value.

Instantaneous radiation values are subject to random fluctuations. Plot radiation values averaged over the period ± 5 s for each time value to produce a smoother curve, which facilitates interpretation.

The adjusted relative radiation is shown for the extinguishing test in Figure L.3 and for the burn-back test in Figure L.4. 90 % control is equivalent to the relative radiation 0,1.

NOTE The procedure set out here implies that computer controlled measuring practice is applied.

Key

NOTE Foam application starts at 1 min, stops at 5 min. Burn-back test starts at 15 min.

Figure L.2 — Typical absolute radiation levels throughout a test

Key

NOTE Foam application starts at 0 min, stops at 4 min, 90 % control is achieved at about 1 min 8 s.

Figure L.3 — Typical relative radiation levels throughout a test

Key

NOTE Burn-back starts at 0 min.

Figure L.4 — Typical relative radiation levels during burn-back

1. 
   (informative)
   
   Small-scale fire test
   1. Apparatus

NOTE Annex J describes large-scale fire tests for type approval. This annex describes a small-scale fire test which can be suitable for quality control purposes.

M.1.1 Circular fire tray, of brass or stainless steel with dimensions according to Table M.1.

Table M.1 — Circular fire tray dimensions

The fire tray shall have a turned over rim, and a drain point with valve at the centre of the base. The fire tray base may be conical shaped.

NOTE 1 Figure M.1 shows a fire tray with conical base.

NOTE 2 The tray has an area of approximately 0,25 m2.

The fire tray is supported approximately 1 m above the ground on a steel frame with four legs. The tray is placed beneath a suitable fume extraction hood which extracts the smoke without interfering with the fire.

M.1.2 Burn-back pot of brass:

a) with dimensions as follows:

b) with a turned over rim;

c) fitted with four studs at the base to give an overall height of (96 ± 2) mm; and

d) a chain fitted to the rim to allow the burn-back pot to be lifted using a metal rod.

M.1.3 Foam-making nozzle, as shown in Figure M.2, which:

a) has a nominal flow rate of 5,0 l/min when tested with water;

b) is fitted with an adjustable collar to allow foam to be ejected from the side of the nozzle and thus vary the foam flow rate through the outlet. The foam flow rate can also be controlled by adjusting the pressure applied to the foam solution.

M.1.4 Fuel, Propan-2-one (acetone) or Propan-2-ol (isopropanol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA) of not less than 99 % purity.

• 1. Test procedure
     1. Test conditions

Carry out the tests under the following conditions:

a) air temperature (15 ± 5) °C;

b) fuel temperature (17,5 ± 2,5) °C;

c) foam solution temperature (17,5 ± 2,5) °C.

• • 1. Set-up

Position the foam nozzle horizontally with the by-pass holes in the adjustable collar facing downwards at a height of (150 ± 5) mm above the rim of the fire tray (see Figure M.2).

Prepare the foam solution following the recommendations of the supplier for concentration, maximum premix time, compatibility with test equipment, avoiding contamination by other types of foam, etc.

Set the nozzle pressure so that a foam flow rate of (1,625 ± 0,025) kg/min is achieved by adjusting the collar and, if necessary, reducing the nozzle pressure. It is convenient to collect the foam in a tared vessel for 6 s and to weigh it to calculate the flow rate.

Position the nozzle while keeping it horizontal so that the foam strikes the centre of the backboard. Shut off the foam discharge. Clean the tray and close the drain valve.

• • 1. Fire test

Place (9 ± 0,1) l of fuel in the tray, and (0,3 ± 0,01) l of fuel in the burn-back pot.

(120 ± 2) s after fuelling ignite the fuel and allow to burn for (120 ± 2) s before starting foam application. Apply foam for (120 ± 2) s to the centre of the backboard and record the times from the start of foam application to 90 % control, 99 % control, and complete extinction. If complete extinction is not obtained within (120 ± 2) s continue the foam application for a total of (240 ± 2) s.

At the end of foam application ignite the fuel in the burn-back pot, and (60 ± 2) s after the end of foam application lower the pot into the centre of the tray with a metal rod, taking care not to allow foam to enter the pot. Record the time taken from positioning of the burn-back pot to permanent full re-involvement of the fire tray surface in flames as the burn-back time.

Dimensions in millimetres

Key

Figure M.1 — Small-scale fire test

Key

Figure M.2 — Foam-making nozzle for small-scale fire test

Dimensions in millimetres

Key

Figure M.3 — Sleeve and item 1: Nozzle with foam diverter

Dimensions in millimetres

Key

Figure M.4 — Item 2: Coupling

Dimensions in millimetres

Figure M.5 — Item 3: Mixing tube

Dimensions in millimetres

Key

Figure M.6 — Item 4: Stabilizing tube

Dimensions in millimetres

Key

Figure M.7 — Item 5: Venturi tube

Dimensions in millimetres

Key

Faces parallel to within 0,02

Hole concentric with O.D. to within 0,02

Hole at 90° to each face within 0,01

Figure M.8 — Item 6: Orifice plate G

Dimensions in millimetres

Bore and counter bore concentric to O.D. within 0,02

Counter bore face parallel to end face within 0,02

Counter bore faces and end faces square with axis to within 0,01

Chamfer thread edges 1 × 45°, leave other edges sharp

Figure M.9 — Item 7: Spacing piece

Dimensions in millimetres

Key

Faces parallel to within 0,02

Hole concentric with O.D. to within 0,02

Hole at 90° to each face within 0,01

Figure M.10 — Item 8: Orifice plate P

Dimensions in millimetres

Bore and counter bore concentric to O.D. within 0,02

Figure M.11 — Item 9: Inlet

1. 
   (informative)
   
   Annual foam quality check
   1. Visual examination
      1. Object of the test

This test indicates inhomogeneity (stratification, solidification or inhomogeneous/irregular viscosity like lumps or gel).

• • 1. Test procedure

The foam sample shall be visually assessed in a clear laboratory bottle or beaker and by pouring of the sample into a different bottle or beaker.

• 1. Density
     1. Object of the test

This test indicates dilution or evaporation of the foam concentrate via a change of density.

• • 1. Test procedure

One of the following test methods shall be used:

• Pycnometer method according to EN ISO 2811-1; or
• Hydrometer method according to EN ISO 3675.

Perform the measurement at a sample temperature of (20 ± 1) °C.

• 1. pH-value
     1. Object of the test

This test indicates a change in the chemical composition by changes of the pH-value.

The pH of an aqueous solution is determined using a pH meter with a calibrated standard pH glass electrode and temperature compensation^[4]. The pH meter and electrode shall be calibrated daily before the first measurement.

Separate electrodes should be used for synthetic- and protein-based foam agents.

NOTE Protein-based foam concentrates and solutions tend to “coat” the glass electrode with a thin rinse resistant layer which can impact further testing. Electrode cleaning is particularly important.

• • 1. Apparatus

N.3.2.1 pH meter with calibrated pH glass electrode.

N.3.2.2 calibration fluids suitable for the desired measurement range.

EXAMPLE (4 ± 1) pH, (7 ± 1) pH, (10 ± 1) pH

N.3.2.3 pH buffer solution for storing of the pH electrode (e. g. 3 mol/l KCl-solution, as per electrode manufacturer requirement).

N 3.2.4 Stand with adjustable electrode holder.

N.3.2.5 Demineralised water.

N.3.2.6 Beaker.

N.3.2.7 Magnetic stirrer.

N.3.2.8 Thermostat accurate to 1 °C (only for non-temperature compensated electrodes).

• • 1. Test execution

The sample solution should be centrifuged to remove all dispersed air prior to testing the pH.

• Thermostat the sample solution to (20 ± 1) °C (only needed for non-temperature compensated electrodes).
• Fill the beaker with approximately 100 ml of the sample solution.
• Put in a magnetic bar and place the beaker on the magnetic stirrer.
• Take the electrode out of the storing solution and rinse thoroughly with demineralised water.
• Place the electrode directly above the magnetic stirring bar using the stand with adjustable electrode holder.
• Set the magnetic stirrer to a speed which allows a good circulation around the electrode head but would not suck in air.
• Watch the pH read out until it is stable for 15 s and record the number.
• Repeat the measurement procedure again.
• If the second measured value deviates by more than 0,1 pH repeat the measurement to receive a third value.
• Calculate the mean pH value.

Clean the electrode by removing the sample material completely, rinse several times with water until the pH value remains constant at the pH level of the rinse water and put the electrode back into the storage container according to the electrode manufacturer’s recommendation.

• 1. Sediment
     1. Object of the test

This test indicates contamination or change of composition of the foam concentrate.

• • 1. Test procedure

Ensure that any sediment is dispersed by agitating the sample container. Take one sample and test it immediately at a temperature of (20 ± 5) °C according to Clause C.2 and Clause C.3.

Any sediment in the foam concentrate sample shall be dispersible through a 180 μm sieve, and the percentage volume of sediment shall be not more than 1 %.

• 1. Viscosity
     1. Object of the test

This test indicates any change of composition (e.g. evaporation) of the foam concentrate.

• • 1. Test procedure

For Newtonian foam concentrates the viscosity shall be determined according to 6.2.

For pseudoplastic foam concentrates the viscosity shall be determined according to 6.3 and Annex D.

Perform the measurement at a sample temperature of (20 ± 1) °C.

• 1. Refractive index
     1. Object of the test

This test indicates a change of composition (e. g. by evaporation or dilution).

The refractometer value (refractive index) – n^D – of a sample is determined using a digital refractometer.

• • 1. Apparatus

N.6.2.1 Digital refractometer, calibrated and accurate to 4 digits after the comma with temperature compensation^[5].

N.6.2.2 Pipette.

N.6.2.3 Demineralised water.

N.6.2.4 Iso-propylalcohol (IPA).

N.6.2.5 Lint-free cleaning wipes suitable for optical lenses.

• • 1. Test execution

The refractometer value is strongly dependent on the temperature and the wavelength of the light used for measurement. The samples are therefore measured at 589 nm (sodium D-line) and (20 ± 0,5) °C.

• Remove the cover of the sensor.
• Rinse the sensor with demineralised water, then with IPA and dry using lint-free cleaning wipes.
• Use a pipette to fill the opening above the sensor to the level given by the manufacturer of the refractometer. For non-Newtonian fluids it is recommended to centrifuge the liquid prior to applying it onto the refractometer to ensure no air remains dispersed in the sample.
• Put the sensor cover back in place and start the measurement.
• Record the value obtained.

Clean the refractometer by removing the sample material and rinse several times with demineralised water until a steady value n^D = 1,3330 for demineralised water at (20 ± 0,5) °C is achieved. Rinse with IPA and dry using lint-free cleaning wipes.

• 1. 25 %-drainage time and expansion ratio
     1. Object of the test

This test indicates a drop in fire fighting performance by measuring a drop in the expansion ratio and drainage time.

• • 1. Test procedure

The test procedure according to 10.1 and Annex G shall be used. Only two measurement runs shall be performed. If application specific, only simulated sea water (according to Clause I.4) shall be used.

• 1. Resistance to isopropanol
     1. Object of the test

This test indicates a loss of fire performance on polar fuels.

• • 1. Test procedure

The test procedure according to Annex M shall be used.

• • 1. Test requirements

The extinguishing time shall be less than or equal to 4 min. The burn-back time shall be greater than 5 min.

NOTE Isopropanol was chosen as fuel, because it provides a more difficult test than with acetone as fuel for products of types F3-AR.

1. 
   (normative)
   
   Determination of foam expansion sensitivity
   1. General

NOTE See Clause 14.

The tests described in this annex have the purpose to evaluate the change in performance of the foam when the foam expansion is lower than during the determination of test fire performance according to Annex J.

The test setup may also be used for comparative tests to prove the performance of the foam concentrate when varying further parameters such as alternative fuels, other water qualities etc.

• 1. General conditions
     1. Test series and evaluation

To determine the dependency of performance of a given foam concentrate on the expansion ratio, a series of tests shall be performed according to Table O.1.

All following tests according to Table O.1 shall be performed with simulated fresh water according to Table I.1 only.

Carry out the first test with the foam expansion which is determined from the fresh foam sample according to Annex I.

Carry out the second test with the lowest applicable foam expansion defined by the manufacturer.

The third test shall be carried out when the foam manufacturer claims that the foam concentrate can be used in fixed firefighting systems according to EN 13565 (all parts). For the third test, use the lowest applicable foam expansion as defined by the manufacturer and set the application rate to achieve the same or a lower extinguishing time t_1p obtained by test 1.

Table O.1 — Test series and evaluation for polar fuels

• • 1. Temperatures

Carry out the tests indoors under the following conditions:

1. air temperature: (17,5 ± 7,5) °C;
2. fuel temperature: (17,5 ± 2,5) °C;
3. water temperature: (17,5 ± 2,5) °C;
4. foam solution temperature: (17,5 ± 2,5) °C.
   • 1. Records
5. 90 % control time;
6. 99 % control time;
7. extinguishing time;
8. minimum application rate according to Table O.1 c).

Control times are determined visually by an experienced person.

• • 1. Foam solution

Prepare a foam solution according to Clause I.4.

• • 1. Fuel

Use Propan-2-ol (isopropanol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA) of not less than 99 % purity.

• 1. Apparatus
     1. Circular fire tray

1. Made of stainless-steel grade EN: X5CrNi18-10;
2. dimensions as follows:
   1. internal diameter at rim: (1225 ± 10) mm;
   2. depth: (260 ± 15) mm;
   3. nominal thickness of steel wall: 6 mm;
3. mounted on suitable legs approximately 660 mm above the ground;
4. deflector plate of stainless-steel grade EN: X5CrNi18-10 (see Figure O.7) installed close to the inner wall of the fire tray;
   1. nominal thickness of metal sheet: 2 mm.

NOTE The tray has an area of approximately 1,18 m².

• • 1. Foam making equipment
       1. Supply of pressurised air

Device to establish a constant flow of pressurised air to the mixing chamber of the foam nozzle and to enable the adjustment of the air volume flow up to 200 l/min. It is used to adjust the foam expansion for the fire tests.

• • • 1. Supply of foam solution

Device to establish a constant flow of foam solution to the mixing chamber of the foam nozzle and to enable the adjustment of the solution volume flow up to 10 l/min. It is used to set the application rate for the fire tests.

• • • 1. Foam nozzle with mixing chamber

The foam nozzle is shown in Figure O.3 to Figure O.6. The nozzle consists of a mixing chamber which produces low expansion foam from pressurised air and foam solution. The foam is supplied directly to the fuel surface through a pipe with a drop height of (400 ± 10) mm to the fuel surface.

The foam nozzle is mounted to the wall of the fire tray with a distance of 40 mm between nozzle pipe and tray wall (see Figure O.3).

• • • 1. Backboard

A backboard according to Figure O.7 shall be used to achieve gentle application of the foam.

• 1. Test procedure

Set the foam solution flow to achieve the application rate given in Table O.1.

Set the foam expansion to the values according to Table O.1 by adjusting the pressurised air flow.

Measure the foam expansion using the collecting vessel according to I.1.1 and the collector board according to I.1.2. Place the nozzle (200 ± 10) mm centrally above the foam collector board according to Figure O.2.

Place the tray directly on the ground and ensure that it is level. Clean the tray. Add (20 ± 10) l of fuel. Add water until the freeboard reaches a height of (210 ± 10) mm.

NOTE Usually (40 ± 5) l of water are required to reach a freeboard height of (210 ± 10) mm.

Attach the foam nozzle to the wall of the fire tray.

Mount the deflector plate centrally below the foam nozzle in a way that the guiding walls are attached closely to the wall of the fire tray. The open bottom edge shall have a distance from the fuel surface of 20 mm.

Ignite the fuel. Start the foam application (60 ± 2) s after full surface involvement. Record the times according to O.2.3 as the periods between the start of foam application and 90 % extinction, 99 % extinction and full fire extinction.

• 1. Test report

The test report shall contain at least the following information:

• the sample;
• the standard used (including its year of publication);
• the method used (if the standard includes several);
• the result(s), including a reference to the clause which explains how the results were achieved;
• the records according to O.2.3;
• any deviations from the procedure;
• any unusual features observed;
• the date of the test.

Table O.2 should be used to record the application rates, expansion ratios and extinguishing times from the test series for the test report.

Table O.2 — Record table for test series data and results

• 1. Figures

Key

Figure O.1 — Piping and instrumentation diagram

Key

Figure O.2 — Position of 180° foam outlet above foam collector

Dimensions in millimetres

Key

Figure O.3 — Mounting of foam nozzle to the fire tray

Key

Figure O.4 — Assembly of mixing nozzle

Key

Figure O.5 — Parts for assembly of mixing nozzle

Key

Figure O.6 — Example 3D view of mixing nozzle and outlet assembly

a) top view

b) side view

Figure N.7 — Backboard

1. 
   (informative)
   
   Example of a technical information sheet

1. 
   (informative)
   
   A-Deviations

A-deviation: National deviation due to regulations, the alteration of which is for the time being outside the competence of the CEN/CENELEC member.

This European Standard does not fall under any Directive of the EU.

In the relevant CEN/CENELEC countries these A-deviations are valid instead of the provisions of the European Standard until they have been removed.

Bibliography

EN 2, Classification of fires

EN 615, Fire protection - Fire extinguishing media - Specifications for powders (other than class D powders)

EN ISO/IEC 17025, General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories (ISO/IEC 17025)

EN 1568 (all parts), Fire extinguishing media — Foam concentrates

EN 27201‑1, Fire protection - Fire extinguishing media - Halogenated hydrocarbons - Part 1: Specifications for halon 1211 and halon 1301 (ISO 7201-1)

EN 27201‑2, Fire protection - Fire extinguishing media - Halogenated hydrocarbons - Part 2: Code of practice for safe handling and transfer procedures (ISO 7201-2)

EN ISO 3219‑1, Rheology - Part 1: Vocabulary and symbols for rotational and oscillatory rheometry (ISO 3219-1)

EN ISO 3696, Water for analytical laboratory use - Specification and test methods (ISO 3696)

EN ISO 5764, Milk - Determination of freezing point - Thermistor cryoscope method (Reference method) (ISO 5764)

EN ISO 5923, Equipment for fire protection and fire fighting — Fire extinguishing media — Carbon dioxide (ISO 5923)

ISO 649‑2, Laboratory glassware — Density hydrometers for general purposes — Part 2: Test methods and use

ISO 3734, Petroleum products — Determination of water and sediment in residual fuel oils — Centrifuge method

Commission Directive 2006/60/CE of 7 July 2006 amending Annexes to Council Directive 90/642/EEC as regards the maximum residue levels of trifloxystrobin, thiabendazole, abamectin, benomyl, carbendazim, thiophanate-methyl, myclobutanyl, glyphosate, trimethysulfonium, fenpropimorph and clormequat

Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 December 2008 on classification, labelling and packaging (CLP) of substances and mixtures, amending and repealing Directives 67/548/EEC and 1999/45/EC, and amending Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006

Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 18 December 2006 concerning the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH), establishing a European Chemicals Agency, amending Directive 1999/45/EC and repealing Council Regulation (EEC) No 793/93 and Commission Regulation (EC) No 1488/94 as well as Council Directive 76/769/EEC and Commission Directives 91/155/EEC, 93/67/EEC, 93/105/EC and 2000/21/EC

Council Regulation (EC) No 440/2008 of 30 May 2008 laying down test methods pursuant to Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council on the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH)

1. ) Examples of a suitable apparatus, available commercially, are supplied by RISE Research Institute of Sweden, Department of Fire Technology, Box 857, SE-501 15 BORAS, Sweden.

   The apparatus is an example of a suitable product available commercially. This information is given for the convenience of users of this document and does not constitute an endorsement by CEN of this product. ↑

2. ) Further details are given in Nordtest Method NT Fire 023, obtainable from Nordtest, Postbox 22, SF - 00341 Helsinki, Finland.

   Nordtest Method NT Fire 023 is an example of a suitable product available commercially. This information is given for the convenience of users of this document and does not constitute an endorsement by CEN of this product. ↑

3. ) An example of suitable apparatus is the Medtherm Series 64 supplied by Medtherm Corp., P.O. Box 412, Huntsville, AL, USA.

   The Medtherm Series 64 supplied by Medtherm Corp. is an example of a suitable product available commercially. This information is given for the convenience of users of this document and does not constitute an endorsement by CEN of this product. ↑

4. If the device used has no temperature compensation the test fluid needs to be temperature controlled to (20 ± 1) °C. ↑

5. If the devise used has no temperature compensation the test fluid needs tob e temperature controlled to (20 ± 0,5) °C. ↑