CONTENTS
4.9 Object occurrences and product individuals 9
4.10 Relations between concepts 9
5.101 Process-oriented structure 10
6 Construction of reference designations 10
6.2 Format of reference designations 11
6.3 Different structures within the same aspect 12
7 Reference designation set 12
9 Presentation of reference designations 12
11 Designation of properties 12
12 Application of the reference designation system 12
13 Application of annexes in IEC 81346-1:2022 13
Annex AA (normative) Classification letter codes for processes 15
AA.2 Classes of prime processes 15
AA.3 Classes of activity processes 15
AA.4 Classes of task processes 18
BB.2 Use case: Pump maintenance 31
BB.3 Use case: Project planning (management) 34
BB.4 Use case: Product development following ISO/IEC/IEEE 15288 34
Figure 1 – Classification hierarchy of processes 12
Figure BB.1 – Pump maintenance, process flow diagram 32
Figure BB.2 – Pump maintenance, process breakdown structure 34
Figure BB.1 – System life cycle processes provided in ISO/IEC/IEEE 15288:2023, Figure 4 35
Table 1 – Application of annexes of IEC 81346-1:2022 14
Table AA.1 – Classes of prime processes 15
Table AA.2 – Entry classes of the classification of activity processes 16
Table AA.3 – Classes of activity processes 16
Table AA.4 – Entry classes of task processes 19
Table AA.5 – Classes of task processes 19
INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
____________
Industrial systems, installations and equipment and industrial products — Structuring principles and reference designations
Part 50: Processes
1) The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is a worldwide organization for standardization comprising all national electrotechnical committees (IEC National Committees). The object of IEC is to promote international co-operation on all questions concerning standardization in the electrical and electronic fields. To this end and in addition to other activities, IEC publishes International Standards, Technical Specifications, Technical Reports, Publicly Available Specifications (PAS) and Guides (hereafter referred to as “IEC Publication(s)”). Their preparation is entrusted to technical committees; any IEC National Committee interested in the subject dealt with may participate in this preparatory work. International, governmental and non-governmental organizations liaising with the IEC also participate in this preparation. IEC collaborates closely with the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in accordance with conditions determined by agreement between the two organizations.
2) The formal decisions or agreements of IEC on technical matters express, as nearly as possible, an international consensus of opinion on the relevant subjects since each technical committee has representation from all interested IEC National Committees.
3) IEC Publications have the form of recommendations for international use and are accepted by IEC National Committees in that sense. While all reasonable efforts are made to ensure that the technical content of IEC Publications is accurate, IEC cannot be held responsible for the way in which they are used or for any misinterpretation by any end user.
4) In order to promote international uniformity, IEC National Committees undertake to apply IEC Publications transparently to the maximum extent possible in their national and regional publications. Any divergence between any IEC Publication and the corresponding national or regional publication shall be clearly indicated in the latter.
5) IEC itself does not provide any attestation of conformity. Independent certification bodies provide conformity assessment services and, in some areas, access to IEC marks of conformity. IEC is not responsible for any services carried out by independent certification bodies.
6) All users should ensure that they have the latest edition of this publication.
7) No liability shall attach to IEC or its directors, employees, servants or agents including individual experts and members of its technical committees and IEC National Committees for any personal injury, property damage or other damage of any nature whatsoever, whether direct or indirect, or for costs (including legal fees) and expenses arising out of the publication, use of, or reliance upon, this IEC Publication or any other IEC Publications.
8) Attention is drawn to the Normative references cited in this publication. Use of the referenced publications is indispensable for the correct application of this publication.
9) Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this IEC Publication may be the subject of patent rights. IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
IEC 81346-50 has been prepared by IEC technical committee 3: Documentation, graphical symbols and representations of technical information, in close cooperation with ISO technical committee 10: Technical product documentation. It is an International Standard.
It is published as a double logo standard and has the status of a horizontal publication in accordance with IEC Guide 108.
The text of this standard is based on the following documents: [IN PROGRESS]
FDIS | Report on voting |
3/[xxx]/FDIS | 3/[xxx]/RVD |
Full information on the voting for its approval can be found in the report on voting indicated in the above table. In ISO, the standard has been approved by [xx] members out of [xx] having cast a vote.
The language used for the development of this International Standard is English.
This document is to be read in conjunction with IEC 81346-1:2022. The provisions of the general rules dealt with in IEC 81346-1 are only applicable to this document insofar as they are specifically cited. When this document states “addition”, “modification” or “replacement”, the relevant text in IEC 81346-1:2022 is to be adapted accordingly.
Subclauses that are numbered with a 101 (102, 103, etc.) suffix are additional to the same subclause in IEC 81346-1:2022.
Tables and figures in this document that are new are numbered starting with 101.
New annexes in this document are lettered AA, BB, etc.
A list of parts of the 81346 International Standard, published under the general title Industrial systems, installations and equipment and industrial products — Structuring principles and reference designations, can be found on the IEC website.
This document was drafted in accordance with ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2, and developed in accordance with ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1 and ISO/IEC Directives, IEC Supplement, available at www.iec.ch/members_experts/refdocs. The main document types developed by IEC are described in greater detail at www.iec.ch/standardsdev/publications. [IN PROGRESS]
In this document, italic type is used as follows:
- terms defined in Clause 3 (applies to the text in Clause 3 only)
- in the description of the EXPRESS model, entity names and attribute identifiers.
The committee has decided that the contents of this document will remain unchanged until the stability date indicated on the IEC website under webstore.iec.ch in the data related to the specific document. At this date, the document will be
- reconfirmed,
- withdrawn,
- replaced by a revised edition, or
- amended.
This document considers and supports the designation of processes and activities within industrial systems. The application of a reference designation system tailored for this purpose may lead to innovative perspectives and structuring of these elements, offering opportunities and potential for enhanced efficiency and optimization.
The users of this standard will be able to manage processes, relation among these and related properties in a more efficient and consistent way. When implemented, information across various data processing systems can be handled in an unambiguous way.
The focus of this addition to the 81346 standard series is to define classes of processes which are used in life cycle of a technical system or product.
The following advantages of designation systems in accordance with this international standard and the 81346-standard series in general will be more and more important in the future:
- The reference designation system can be applied in several technical fields in the same way and is not designed only for one.
- The reference designation is not bound to a fixed structural pattern. Thus, the designation system is expandible, which makes the interpretability in some cases quite complex. Therefore, an exact and computer sensible documentation and description is essential.
(Blank)Industrial systems, installations and equipment and industrial products — Structuring principles and reference designations
Part 50: Processes
1.0 Scope
This part of 81346 International Standard, published jointly by IEC and ISO, provides, in combination with IEC 81346-1, rules and recommendations on the structuring of processes and the information on processes used in the life cycle of technical systems. It also provides classification schemes of those processes.
The structuring principles and the classes of processes are intended to be applied for providing unambiguous identification of processes throughout their life cycles.
This document is also a horizontal publication intended for use by technical committees in preparation of publications related to reference designations in accordance with the principles laid down in IEC Guide 108.
2.0 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
IEC 81346-1:2022, Industrial systems, installations and equipment, and industrial products – Structuring principles and reference designations – Part 1: Basic rules
3.0 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in IEC 81346-1:2022 and the following apply.
information
knowledge concerning objects, such as facts, events, things, processes, or ideas (including concepts) that, within a certain context, has a particular meaning
[SOURCE: IEV 171-01-01]
data
representation of information (3.1) in a formalized manner suitable for human or automatic processing
Note 1 to entry: Processing includes communication and interpretation.
Note 2 to entry: In English, the word "data" is generally used in plural form. For use in singular form, it can be called "data item".
[SOURCE: IEV 171-01-02]
object designation
identifier of a specific object in a given context
prime process
process that constitutes an overall step in the life cycle of a system
Note 1 to entry: A prime process is usually performed by an organization.
activity process
process where the set of operations are performed in a given sequence
Note 1 to entry: A activity process is usually performed by a team.
task process
process consisting of a specific work to be done
Note 1 to entry: A task process is usually performed by an individual.
Note 2 to entry: The work can be performed by using tools and resources.
procedure
specified way to carry out an activity or a process
4.0 Concepts
4.1 Object
IEC 81346-1:2022, clause 4.1 applies.
4.1.1 Aspect
IEC 81346-1:2022, clause 4.2 applies with the following addition:
Add the following bullet to the bullets of the 2nd paragraph:
- intended or accomplished activities constituting an object – the process aspect.
4.1.2 Systems
IEC 81346-1:2022, clause 4.3 applies.
4.1.3 Structuring
IEC 81346-1:2022, clause 4.4 applies.
4.1.4 Function
IEC 81346-1:2022, clause 4.5 applies.
4.1.5 Products and components
IEC 81346-1:2022, clause 4.6 applies.
4.1.6 Location
IEC 81346-1:2022, clause 4.7 applies.
4.1.7 Types
IEC 81346-1:2022, clause 4.8 applies.
4.1.8 Object occurrences and product individuals
IEC 81346-1:2022, clause 4.9 applies.
4.1.9 Relations between concepts
IEC 81346-1:2022, clause 4.10 applies.
4.1.10 Processes
4.1.11 General
In this document the process aspect is introduced to filter process information about an object that is of relevance to it throughout its life cycle.
The application of the process aspect involves a structured approach to identify and designate processes. The process aspect is used to describe what happens with an entity (e.g. system, person, organisation) over time. This allows designers to create references in areas of:
- Organizational Strategies and Plans such as market analysis, product development, and marketing campaigns, designated to track progress and ensure alignment with organizational goals. This helps in managing and executing strategic initiatives effectively, provides a clear roadmap, aligns activities with strategic goals, and enhances the ability to monitor and adjust plans as needed.
- Overall Development Projects where software, construction, or other fields, processes such as requirements gathering, design, implementation, testing, and deployment can to be clearly identified. Reference designations help in managing these phases systematically, ensuring systematic progress, improving coordination among different phases, and enhancing the ability to manage project timelines and deliverables.
- Work Breakdown Structures (WBS), used to break down a project into smaller, manageable sections. By applying reference designations to each process within the WBS, project managers can ensure that every task is clearly identified and tracked, facilitating better planning, execution, and monitoring. Thereby, clarity is enhanced, task management is improved and ensuring that all project components are accounted for and properly coordinated
- Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs), critical for maintaining consistency and quality. Reference designations for each procedure ensure that all steps are documented and easily accessible, which is essential for training, compliance and quality control. This promotes uniformity, ensures compliance with standards, and facilitates training and quality assurance.
- Lessons Learned Projects, either as part of design projects, construction projects or other field processes, or as separate projects, where information such as cost, emissions, time and more, can be systemized, aggregated and related, for further analysis.
The process aspect is recognized by the prefix $ - DOLLAR
To differentiate between levels of abstraction, three classification libraries are used with definition of their own process types:
- Prime processes
- Activity processes
- Task processes
4.1.12 Prime processes
Prime processes represent the highest level of abstraction. These processes encompass broad, overarching procedures and strategies that define the general direction and objectives of an organization.
4.1.13 Activity processes
Activity processes represent the middle level of abstraction. These processes bridge the gap between high-level strategies and detailed operational tasks. They are more specific than those at the high level but still maintain a degree of generality. They are essential for translating strategic objectives into actionable plans and coordinating various functions within the organization.
4.1.14 Task processes
Task processes represent the lowest level of abstraction. These processes include detailed, specific tasks and activities that are carried out on a day-to-day basis by operators and other personnel or by automatic means. They are critical for the execution of operational plans and ensure that the organization’s strategies are implemented effectively and efficiently.
5.0 Structuring principles
The requirements of IEC 81346-1:2022, 5 applies with the following modifications:
5.1 Process-oriented structure
The process-oriented structure specifies on greater detail what is going on or needs to be done to achieve a result. A constituency relation can be used to divide any process into sub-elements. This can apply to a system which needs to undergo a particular order of operations, but also the work an operator has to do.
Any process can be considered as the overall accomplishment of a number of sub-processes. This constituency relationship allows a designer to create a breakdown structure using the same principles as any other system breakdown structure.
6.0 Construction of reference designations
6.1 General
The requirements of IEC 81346-1:2022, 6.1 apply.
6.1.1 Format of reference designations
6.1.2 Single level
IEC 81346-1:2022, 6.1 applies with the following modifications:
Replace Rule 6 by the following:
Rule 6: A single-level reference designation assigned to an object occurrence shall consist of a prefix sign followed by a letter code followed by a number.
Add the following item to Rule 7:
The prefix signs used to indicate the type of aspect in a reference designation shall be:
- “$” (DOLLAR) when relating to the process aspect of the object.
6.1.3 Multi-level
IEC 81346-1:2022, 6.2.2 applies.
6.1.4 Use of letter codes
IEC 81346-1:2022, 6.2.3 applies with the following modifications.
Item b) of Rule 13 does not apply.
Classification of processes
General
A structured approach to classifying processes has been established to ensure clarity and consistency across various domains. This standard introduces a hierarchical framework that categorizes processes into three distinct levels of abstraction, each identified by the number of characters in their class codes. This framework is essential for accommodating the diverse needs of stakeholders, from high-level organizational planning to detailed operational tasks.
For the classification of prime processes, the classification scheme provided in Table AA.1 apply.
For the classification of activity processes, the classification scheme provided in Table AA.3 apply.
For the classification of task processes, the classification scheme provided in Table AA.5 apply.
Figure 1 illustrates the hierarchy of the classification schemes.
Figure 1 – Classification hierarchy of processes
6.2 Different structures within the same aspect
IEC 81346-1:2022, 6.3 applies.
7.0 Reference designation set
IEC 81346-1:2022, 7 applies.
8.0 Designation of locations
IEC 81346-1:2022, 8 applies.
9.0 Presentation of reference designations
IEC 81346-1:2022, 9 applies.
10.0 Labelling
IEC 81346-1:2022, 10 applies.
11.0 Designation of properties
IEC 81346-1:2022, 11 applies.
12.0 Application of the reference designation system
IEC 81346-1:2022, 12 applies.
13.0 Application of annexes in IEC 81346-1:2022
The annexes of IEC 81346-1:2022 that, where relevant, shall be complied with are specified in Annex A, Table A.1.
The annexes of IEC 81346-1:2022 that are applicable also within this document are specified in Annex A, Table A.2.
The annexes of IEC 81346-1:2022 apply as shown in Table 1:
Table 1 – Application of annexes of IEC 81346-1:2022
Annex | Status | Applicable | Title |
A | informative | Yes | Information model on the reference designation system |
B | informative | Yes | Establishment and life cycle of objects |
C | informative | Yes | Manipulation of objects |
D | informative | Yes | Interpretation of reference designations using different aspects |
E | normative | Yes | Object represented with several top nodes in an aspect |
F | informative | Yes | Examples of multiple structures based on the same aspect |
G | normative | Yes | Incorporating sub-objects in object structures |
H | informative | No | Example of reference designations within a system |
I | normative | Yes | Designation of relations between objects |
J | normative | Yes | Requirements for developing sector-specific parts of the |
K | informative | Yes | Metadata resource for structure management |
L | informative | Yes | Recommendations for documentation of the application of the reference designation system |
M | Informative | Yes | Fundamental ideas for this document |
N | informative | Yes | Relationship to other standards |
This annex provides classification schemes for prime processes, activity processes and task processes. The classification schemes are mainly intended to be applied for designating object occurrences within a process-oriented structure. They may also be applied for designation of types.
The classification schemes are developed in accordance with the rules and guidelines given in ISO 704 and ISO 22274.
Table AA.1 lists the classes of prime processes.
Table AA.1 – Classes of prime processes
Class code | Class definition | Preferred term | Examples |
|---|---|---|---|
A | prime process of designing an entity | designing process | modelling, prototyping |
B | prime process of retrieving an entity | extracting process | capturing, harvesting, obtaining |
C | prime process of making a new entity or destroying an old entity | producing process | altering, building, changing, demolishing, programming, transforming, |
D | prime process of treating an existing entity | treating process | facility management, maintaining, servicing |
E | prime process of moving an entity | transporting process | shipping. transferring |
F | prime process of transmitting information | communicating process | corresponding, marketing, publishing |
G | prime process of governing activities and interactions of other prime processes | managing process | process enabling, quality assurance, technical management |
H | prime process of facilitating the exchange of ownership | transacting process | agreement process, procurement |
NOTE Letters not used in this table are reserved for future standardization | |||
Table AA.2 lists the entry classes of the classification of activity processes. This table provides an overview of the activity process classes. Table AA.3 lists the complete classification scheme of activity processes and shall be used for the classification of activity processes
.
Table AA.2 – Entry classes of the classification of activity processes
Class code | Class definition | Preferred term | Examples |
|---|---|---|---|
A | activity process for modelling data of an entity | developing activity | |
B | activity process for changing characteristics on an object | transforming activity | |
C | activity process for using executive, administrative or supervisory direction | managing organization activity | |
D | activity process for handling a physical object without changing its characteristics | handling activity | Criteria: |
E | activity process for obtaining and transferring information | information activity | |
F | activity process for retrieving an object | retrieving activity |
Table AA.3 – Classes of activity processes
Class code | Class definition | Preferred term | Examples | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | |||
A | activity process of modelling data of an entity | developing activity | ||
AA | developing activity to expand understanding of a subject | analysing activity | calculating, contemplating, estimating, evaluating, mapping, refining, risk assessing, searching, thinking | |
AB | developing activity to predict future events | planning activity | coordinating, forecasting, foreseeing, predicting, scheduling | |
AC | developing activity to handle requirements or properties | engineering activity | computing, defining, drafting, outlining, requiring | |
AD | developing activity to store information for future use | documenting activity | authoring, characterizing, compiling, composing, describing, documenting, formalizing, recording, specifying, stating | |
AE | developing activity to organize information in groups | classifying activity | allocating, arranging, cataloguing, grouping, indexing, prioritizing, sorting, structuring | |
B | activity process of changing characteristics on an object | transforming activity | ||
BA | transforming activity to preserve from failure or decline | maintaining activity | adjusting, calibrating, cleaning, nourishing optimizing, preserving, repairing, restoring, tuning, updating | |
BB | transforming activity by reshaping | reshaping activity | creating, making, moulding | |
BC | transforming activity by assembling or dismantling | assembly activity | amputating, building, constructing, creating, demolishing, dismantling, making | |
BD | transforming activity by material modification | material modification activity | cooking, creating, making | |
BE | transforming activity to mitigate the effect of undesirable or dangerous conditions | protecting activity | covering, medicating, mitigating risks, packing, preserving, safeguarding, securing | |
BF | transforming activity for adapting the object to its intended use | configuring activity | adjusting, calibrating, optimizing, organizing environment, preparing, supporting, tuning | |
BG | transforming activity by allowing time to pass | ageing activity | curing, decaying, deteriorating, lingering, maturing | |
C | activity process of using executive, administrative or supervisory direction | managing activity | ||
CA | managing activity for granting permission | authorizing activity | allocating, approving, assigning, attesting, authenticating, commissioning, confirming, delegating, designating, endorsing, reviewing | |
CB | managing activity for making a decision | deciding activity | assessing, choosing, corroborating, deciding, determining, judging, negotiating, proving, resolving, selecting, settling, substantiating, validating, verifying | |
CC | managing activity for carrying out a decision | implementing activity | adapting, commissioning, enforcing, executing, fulfilling, installing, integrating, realizing | |
CD | managing activity for providing governance | supervising activity | administering, advising, aiding, conducting, controlling, coordinating, evacuating, guiding, helping, instructing, leading, monitoring, overcoming hijackers, overseeing, quality assuring | |
CE | managing activity for transferring ownership of an entity | acquiring activity | buying, capturing, collecting, exchanging, gathering, obtaining, purchasing, retrieving, securing, selling, taking over, trading | |
CF | managing activity for operating equipment | piloting activity | driving, flying, navigating, operating | |
D | activity process of handling a physical object without changing its characteristics | handling activity | Criteria: | |
DA | handling activity for transporting the object between locations | transporting activity | departing, evacuating, moving, positioning, returning | |
DB | handling activity for delivering the object for further processing or usage | delivering activity | Supplying, transitioning | |
DC | handling activity for receiving the object for further processing | receiving activity | ||
DD | handling activity for storing the object | storing activity | accumulating, depositing, keeping, locking away, saving, stashing, stocking | |
DE | handling activity for discarding the object | discarding activity | dumping, getting rid of, recycling, removing | |
E | activity process for obtaining and transferring information | information activity | ||
EA | information activity by carrying out experiments | testing activity | collecting data, experimenting, investigating, measuring | |
EB | information activity by monitoring behaviour of an entity | observing activity | capturing information, examining, monitoring, retrieving information, tracking | |
EC | information activity by retrieving existing information | consulting activity | checking, comprehending, confirming, consulting, knowledge sharing, reviewing | |
ED | information activity by transferring the information | communicating activity | commanding, communicating, conference meeting, demonstrating, directing, displaying, explaining, formulating, informing, meeting, presenting, proposing, publishing, reporting, requesting, socializing, suggesting, teaching, telling, working meeting | |
F | activity process of retrieving an object | retrieving activity | ||
FA | retrieving activity by agricultural processes | agricultural activity | farming | |
FB | retrieving activity by aquatic processes | aquatic activity | ||
FC | retrieving activity by forestry processes | forestry activity | ||
FD | retrieving activity by mining processes | mining activity | ||
FE | retrieving activity by fluids extraction processes | oil&gas activity | water extraction | |
NOTE Letters not used in this table are reserved for future standardization | ||||
Table AA.4 lists the entry classes of task processes. This table provides an overview of the task process classes. Table AA.5 list the complete classification scheme of task processes and shall be used for the classification of task processes.
Table AA.4 – Entry classes of task processes
Class code | Class definition | Preferred term | Criteria for definition of sub-classes |
|---|---|---|---|
A | task process for shaping an object while conserving its mass | mass conserving shaping task | Phase of material |
B | task process for shaping an object while changing its mass | mass changing shaping task | Kind of energy used |
C | task process for merging objects or materials | joining task | Kind of material and reversibility of unification |
D | task process for dividing objects or materials | separating task | kind of material and energy used |
E | task process for changing material properties of an object while maintaining its shape | property altering task | Kind of method |
F | task process for changing surface properties of an object while maintaining its shape | surface altering task | Kind of method |
G | task process for changing position | positioning task | Kind of subject and kind of movement |
H | task process for obtaining information | examination task | scientific domain |
J | task process for constraining movement abilities of an object | confining task | Purpose of confinement |
K | task process for supervising equipment or procedures | interacting task | Purpose of interaction |
L | task process for handling information | Information handling task | Transmit or receive |
M | task process for mending the body | nourishing task | Kind of mending |
N | task process for transforming information | information processing task | Stage of design |
Table AA.5 – Classes of task processes
Class code | Class definition | Preferred term | Examples | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | |||
A | task process for shaping an object while conserving its mass | mass conserving shaping task | Criteria: Phase of material | ||
AA
|
| mass conserving shaping task by consolidation | consolidating task | Criteria: State of processed material and kind of method applied | |
AAA | consolidating task by casting from a liquid state | casting task | continuous casting, die casting, flexible mould casting, full mould casting, investment casting, no-bake mould casting, permanent mould casting, plaster mould casting, sand casting, shell mould casting, slip casting | ||
AAB | consolidating task by moulding from a liquid or plasticated state | moulding task | blow moulding, compression moulding, dry ceramic pressing, extrusion moulding, injection moulding, polymer extrusion, polymer rolling, rotational moulding, thermoform moulding, transfer moulding, wet ceramic forming | ||
AAC | consolidating task by moulding from a fibrous state | fibre reinforced moulding task | filament winding, hand lay-up, liquid resin infusing, press curing, pultrusion forming, resin film infusing, | ||
AAD | consolidating task by compacting from a granular state | compacting task | conventional compacting, extrusion compacting, isostatic compacting, rolling compacting | ||
AB
|
| mass conserving shaping task by deformation | deforming task | Criteria: Method of deformation | |
ABA | deforming task through forging | forging deformation task | coining, cold forming, cold heading, dimpling, drop forging, electrohydraulic forming, electromagnetic forming, embossing, explosive forming, foil rolling, hammer forging, hubbing, knurling, pierce rolling, press forging, roll forging, sheet rolling, sizing, structural rolling, swaging solids, | ||
ABB | deforming task through a die | extrusion drawing task | direct extruding, impact extruding, indirect extruding, | ||
ABC | deforming task into a die | deep drawing task | cup drawing, deep drawing, | ||
ABD | deforming task trough bending | bending task | corrugation bending, curling, flaring, hemming, joggle bending, metal spinning, roll forming, seaming (metalwork), shear spinning, straight angle bending, swaging, tube bending | ||
B
|
|
| task process for shaping an object while changing its mass | mass changing shaping task | Criteria: Kind of energy used |
BA
|
| mass changing shaping task by mechanical reduction | mechanical mass reducing shaping task | Criteria: Kind of fraction type | |
BAA | mechanical mass reducing shaping task through cutting | cutting task | blending, boring, broaching, counterboring, countersinking, digging, drilling, excavating, facing, filing, gear cutting, grooving, milling/routing, parting, planning, reaming, sawing, shaping, shredding, spot facing, threading (SP), turning | ||
BAB | mechanical mass reducing shaping task through abrasing | abrasing task | crushing, grinding, honing, jet machining, lapping, | ||
BAC | mechanical mass reducing shaping task through controlled fracture | fracturing task | blasting, clipping, conventional blanking, cutting, dinking, lancing, nibbling, notching, perforating, punching, rotary shaving/trimming, shearing, slitting, snipping, squaring, steel-rule-die blanking | ||
BB
|
| mass changing shaping task by thermal reduction | thermal mass reducing shaping task | Criteria: Kind of thermal method | |
BBA | thermal mass reducing shaping task by means of torch cutting | torch cutting task | air arc cutting, gas cutting, plasma arc cutting, | ||
BBB | thermal mass reducing shaping task by means of electrical discharge machinery | electrical discharge machining task | cavity-type electric discharge milling, electric discharge milling grinding, electric discharge milling sawing, | ||
BBC | thermal mass reducing shaping task by means of high energy beam machining | high energy beam machining task | electron beam cutting, ion beam cutting, laser beam cutting | ||
BC
|
| mass changing shaping task by chemical reduction | chemical mass reducing shaping task | Criteria: Kind of chemical method | |
BCA | chemical mass reducing shaping task by means of chemical milling | chemical milling task | chemical reducing, immersion chemical milling, | ||
BCB | chemical mass reducing shaping task by means of electrochemical milling | electrochemical milling task | cavity type electrochemical milling, grinder type electrochemical milling | ||
BCC | chemical mass reducing shaping task by means of photochemical milling | photochemical milling task | photo etching, photo milling | ||
C
|
|
| task process for merging or adding objects or materials | joining task | Criteria: Kind of material and reversibility of unification |
CA
|
| joining task by unifying into a whole | combining task | Criteria: Kind of method | |
CAA | combining task by melting surfaces together | thermal welding task | butt welding, carbon arc welding, electro slag welding, electron beam welding, explosive welding, frictional welding (inertial), gas metal arc (MIC) welding, laser beam welding, percussion welding, plasma arc welding, pressure welding (cold), projection welding, seam welding, shielded metal arc welding, spot welding, stud welding, submerged arc welding, ultrasonic welding | ||
CAB | combining task by adding melted filler material to surfaces | brazing task | carbon arch brazing, dip brazing, dip soldering, friction/ultrasonic soldering, furnace brazing, gas brazing, induction brazing, induction soldering, infrared brazing, infrared soldering, iron soldering, resistance brazing, resistance soldering, torch brazing, torch soldering, wave soldering | ||
CAC | combining task by dissolving surfaces together | chemical welding task | atomic hydrogen welding, combustible gas welding | ||
CAD | combining task by adding adhesive material to surfaces | gluing task | adhesive bonding, chemical sealing, filling in gap, gluing, sealing, liquid shimming, nut cap vapour sealing, solid shimming, vapor seal painting | ||
CAE | combining task by adding layers of material together | laminating task | 3D printing | ||
CB
|
| joining task by mechanical assembly | assembling task | Criteria: Kind of fastening | |
CBA | assembling task using threaded fastening | screwing task | bolting, screwing, tightening screws | ||
CBB | assembling task by nailing | nailing task | |||
CBC | assembling task using interference or transition fit fastening | interference fastening task | cold pressing, press fitting, shrink fitting | ||
CBD | assembling task using clearance fit fastening | clearance fastening task | inserting helicoil, inserting washer | ||
CBE | assembling task using interlock fastening | interlocking task | Clipping, connecting, fixing, interlacing, locking, seam joining, sewing, snapping, stitching, weaving | ||
CBF | assembling task using deformation fastening | deformation fitting task | riveting, seaming (metalwork) | ||
CC |
| joining task by merging into a substance | merging substance task | Criteria: Kind of matter added | |
CCA | merging substances task by adding liquid matter | merging liquid task | blending, combining | ||
CCB | merging substances task by adding gaseous matter | merging gas task | blending, combining | ||
CCC | merging substances task by adding solid matter | merging solid matter task | blending, combining, planting seed into the soil | ||
CD | joining task by adding substance | adding substance task | |||
CDA | adding substance task being a liquid matter | adding liquid task | adding lubricant, filling, filling coolant, filling gasoline, filling lubricant, filling oil, | ||
CDB | adding substance task being a gaseous matter | adding gas task | |||
CDC | adding substance task being a solid matter | adding solid matter task | |||
D |
|
| task process for dividing objects or materials | separating task | Criteria: kind of material and energy used |
DA
|
| separating task of solids by mechanical means | disassembling task | Criteria: Kind of fastening | |
DAA | disassembling task of threaded parts | untightening task | unscrewing, unwinding | ||
DAB | disassembling task of interlocking parts | unlocking task | Opening, release | ||
DAC | disassembling task of parts not fastened by threaded or interlocking means | disconnecting task | demoulding, disassembling, disconnecting, dismantling, emptying, removing, removing plastic film, removing protective layer, unmount, unpacking | ||
DB
|
| separating task of fluid by mechanical separation | segregating fluid task | Criteria: Kind of segregated object | |
DBA | segregating fluid task from suspended material | filtering task | centrifuging, sedimentation, sieving, straining, wringing | ||
DBB | segregating fluid task from a container | draining task | bleeding, carbon fibre vacuuming, defueling, depleting, emptying, processing, siphoning, sucking, sucking out fumes, vacuuming | ||
DC
|
| separating task by chemical separation | chemically purifying task | Criteria: Kind of chemical method | |
DCA | chemically purifying task by adding solvents to dissolve material | extracting task |
| ||
DCB | chemically purifying task by adding a reagent which forms a solid | precipitating task |
| ||
DD
|
| separating task by thermal means | thermal separating task | Criteria: Kind of thermal method | |
DDA | thermal separating task based on different boiling points | distilling task | boiling, condensing, drying, evaporating | ||
DDB | thermal separating task based on different melting points | fractional freezing task | zone refining | ||
DDC | thermal separating task based on saturation | crystallizing task | supersaturating | ||
DE |
| separating task by electromagnetic means | electromagnetic separating task | Criteria: Kind of method | |
DEA | electromagnetic separating task by applying electric potential | electrolysing task | electrolysing, separating ions | ||
DEB | electromagnetic separating task by applying magnetism | magnetic separating task |
| ||
E | task process for changing material properties of an object while maintaining its shape | property altering task | Criteria: Kind of method | ||
EA | property altering task through thermal treatment | thermal treating task | Criteria: Kind of thermal method | ||
EAA | thermal treating using conductive thermal energy transfer to the object | conduction thermal task | cold treating, cooling, firing, glazing, full annealing, freezing, liquid-phase sintering, process annealing, short-cycle annealing recovery processing, solid-phase sintering, stress relieving, | ||
EAB | thermal treating using convective thermal energy transfer to the object | convection thermal task | age hardening, air quench hardening, flame hardening, | ||
EAC | thermal treating using mechanical energy on the object | mechanical thermal task | |||
EAD | thermal treating using electrical energy on the object | electrical thermal task | induction hardening, | ||
EAE | thermal treating using chemical energy on the object | chemical thermal task | carburizing, carbonitriding, chromizing, cyaniding, diffusion hardening, nitriding | ||
EB | property altering task through electromagnetic treatment | electromagnetic treatment task | Criteria: Kind of electromagnetic method | ||
EBA | electromagnetic treatment task by magnetization | magnetizing task | magnetizing | ||
EC | property altering task through radiation treatment | radiation treatment task | Criteria: Kind of radiation method | ||
ECA | radiation treatment task by high energy particles | radiating task | neutron bombarding, radiating/irradiating | ||
ECB | radiation treatment task by electromagnetic waves | electromagnetic wave exposing task | gamma radiating, hardening by ultraviolet light, lighting, microwaving, microwave heating, UV-light exposing | ||
ED | property altering task through biological treatment | biological treatment task | Criteria: Kind of biological method | ||
EDA | biological treatment task by bacteria | bacteria treatment task | bioleaching, wastewater treating | ||
EDB | biological treatment task by virus | virus treatment task | |||
F
|
|
| task process for changing surface properties of an object while maintaining its shape | surface altering task | Criteria: Kind of method |
FA
|
| surface altering task by removing unwanted substances | surface preparing task | Criteria: Means used for the removal | |
FAA | surface preparing task by mechanical removal | mechanical surface removal task | abrasive blasting, barrel tumpling, belt sanding, cleaning, dry blasting, knife deburring, paint removing, rinsing, sandblasting, ultrasonic degreasing, vibratory finishing, washing, wet blasting, wiping off, wire brushing | ||
FAB | surface preparing task by thermal removal | thermal surface removal task | flame cleaning, thermochemical deburring, sterilizing | ||
FAC | surface preparing task by chemical removal | chemical surface removal task | alkali degreasing, alkali descaling, electrochemical deburring, oxide removing, paint removing, solvent degreasing, sterilizing, vapor degreasing | ||
FAD | surface preparing task by biological removal | biological surface removal task | biological cleaning | ||
FB
|
| surface altering task by coating | surface coating task | Criteria: Means used for coating | |
FBA | surface coating task by mechanical means | mechanical coating task | adding lube to surface, adding surface protection, air gun spraying, calendaring, cold dip coating, curtain coating, dust coating, electrocoating, electrostatic coating, fluidized bed coating, galvanizing, grease coating, high pressure airless spraying, hot dip coating, labelling, marking, oil bath coating, painting, paper walling, printing, roller coating, self-adhesive coating, taping, vacuum coating, waxing, writing | ||
FBB | surface coating task by thermal means | thermal coating task | chemical vapor-phase, combustion flame spraying, detonation gun spraying, heat tinting, laser engraving, plasma arc spraying, sputtering, vacuum metallizing | ||
FBC | surface coating task by chemical means | chemical coating task | alkaline oxiding, anodizing | ||
FC
|
| surface altering task by surface modification | surface modifying task | Criteria: Means used for modification | |
FCA | surface modifying task by mechanical means | mechanical modification task | buffing, burnishing, hammer peening, polishing, shot peening, texturing, wire brush finishing | ||
FCB | surface modifying task by electromagnetic means | electromagnetic modification task | corona treatment, ultra-violet bleaching, ultra-violet sterilizing | ||
G
|
|
| task process for changing position | positioning task | Criteria: Kind of subject and kind of movement |
GA | positioning task of an object in space | moving object task | Criteria: movement autonomy and movement axis | ||
GAA | moving object task by autonomous relocation | autonomous moving task | Approaching, droning, exiting, walk, climb, run | ||
GAB | moving object task by relocating the object by external means | external moving task | Dispensing, driving, hoisting, lift a crate, lifting, placing, pulling, pushing, retrieving, sending, shifting, ship transporting, transporting, truck transporting | ||
GAC | moving object task by autonomous rotation around an axis | autonomous rotating task | spinning, turn around | ||
GAD | moving object task by rotating the object by external means | external rotating task | rotate a handle | ||
GB | positioning task of proprietary rights | exchanging task | Criteria: Kind of subject | ||
GBA | exchanging task of an asset | giving task | acquiring, delivering, donating, handing out, handing over, presenting, providing supplying | ||
GBB | exchanging task of monetary amounts | paying task | buying, refunding, repaying, settling, trading | ||
GC
|
| positioning task for adopting posture of the human body | posing task | Criteria: Kind of posture | |
GCA | posing task to a sitting position | sitting task | remaining seated, squatting | ||
GCB | posing task to a standing position | standing task | remain standing | ||
GCC | posing task to a laying position | lying down task | dropping down, stretching out | ||
GCD | posing task to a protective position | ducking task | bending, bowing, crouching, | ||
H | task process for inspecting an object to obtain data | examining task | Criteria:Scientific domain | ||
HA | examining task of space and time properties | space and time properties acquiring | Criteria: Quantity tested | ||
HAA | space and time properties acquiring of dimension | dimension acquiring task | checking, measuring area, measuring gab, measuring height, measuring length, measuring surface roughness, measuring volume, measuring width, | ||
HAB | space and time properties acquiring of angle | angle acquiring task | measuring angle, | ||
HAC | space and time properties acquiring of time | time acquiring task | |||
HAD | space and time properties acquiring of speed | speed acquiring task | velocity testing, acceleration testing | ||
HAE | space and time properties acquiring of frequency | frequency acquiring task | |||
HB | examining task of mechanical properties | mechanical properties acquiring | Criteria: quantity tested | ||
HBA | mechanical properties acquiring of mass | mass acquiring task | |||
HBB | mechanical properties acquiring of force | force acquiring task | |||
HBC | mechanical properties acquiring of pressure | pressure acquiring task | |||
HC | examining task of thermodynamic properties | thermodynamic properties acquiring | Criteria: quantity tested | ||
HCA | thermodynamic properties acquiring of temperature | temperature acquiring task | |||
HCB | thermodynamic properties acquiring of thermal potential | thermal potential acquiring task | |||
HD | examining task of electromagnetic properties | electromagnetic properties acquiring | Criteria: quantity tested | ||
HDA | electromagnetic properties acquiring of current | current acquiring task | |||
HDB | electromagnetic properties acquiring of electric potential | electric potential acquiring task | |||
HDC | electromagnetic properties acquiring of conductivity | conductivity testing task | |||
HDD | electromagnetic properties acquiring of capacitance | capacitance testing task | |||
HE | examining task of light and radiation properties | light and radiation properties acquiring | Criteria: quantity tested | ||
HEA | light and radiation properties acquiring of luminous intensity | luminous intensity acquiring task | |||
HF | examining task of acoustic properties | acoustics properties acquiring | Criteria: quantity tested | ||
HFA | acoustics properties acquiring of sound intensity | sound intensity acquiring task | decibel testing | ||
HFB | acoustics properties acquiring of sound absorption | sound absorption acquiring task | |||
HG | examining task of chemical properties | chemical properties acquiring | Criteria: quantity tested | ||
HGA | chemical properties acquiring of concentration | concentration acquiring | |||
HH | examining task of nuclear physics properties | nuclear physics properties acquiring | Criteria: quantity tested | ||
HHA | nuclear physics properties acquiring of radioactive activity | radioactive activity acquiring task | |||
HJ | examining task of economical properties | economic properties acquiring | Criteria: quantity tested | ||
HJA | economic properties acquiring of price | price acquiring task | |||
HJB | economic properties acquiring of cost estimation | cost estimation acquiring task | |||
HK | examining task of socioeconomic related properties | socioeconomic properties acquiring | |||
HKA | socioeconomic properties acquiring of ecological properties | ecological properties acquiring task | |||
HKB | socioeconomic properties acquiring of environmental properties | ||||
HKC | socioeconomic properties acquiring of counting | counting task | |||
HKD | socioeconomic properties acquiring of psychological properties | ||||
J
|
|
| task process for constraining movement abilities of an object | confining task | Criteria: Kind of purpose for confinement |
JA |
| confining task by positioning to a defined location | supporting task | Criteria: limitation of degrees of freedom | |
JAA | supporting task by limiting the degrees of freedom | fixing task | clamping, doweling, fasten seatbelt, locking, locking in place, securing, stopping, temporary fastening | ||
JAB | supporting task by not limiting the degrees of freedom | storing task | hiding, keeping, locking away, packing away, restoring, saving, storing, stowing, tidying | ||
JB
|
| confining task by discarding | discarding task | Criteria: discarding reason | |
JBA | discarding task for recycling reasons | recycling task | recycling | ||
JBB | discarding task for safety reasons | isolating task | safety confining | ||
JBC | discarding task for scrapping reasons | disposing task | deleting, disposing | ||
K
|
|
| task process for supervising equipment or procedures | interacting task | Criteria: Purpose of interaction |
KA
|
| interacting task for enabling or disabling | switching task |
| |
KAA | switching task by activating | starting task | begin, enable, initiate, start, switching on | ||
KAB | switching task by deactivating | stopping task | cancel, disable, ending, stop, switching off | ||
KB
|
| interacting task for modification | modifying task |
| |
KBA | modifying task by increasing the input | increasing task | raise | ||
KBB | modifying task by decreasing the input | decreasing task | lower | ||
KBC | modifying task by adjusting the input | adjusting task | control, modify flight plan | ||
KC
|
| interacting task for providing decision | deciding task | Criteria: Kind of result | |
KCA | deciding task for providing a binary decision | accepting task | acknowledging, agreeing, allowing, approving, collecting, confirming, declining, ignoring, receiving, refusing, rejecting, say no, say yes, signing off | ||
KCB | deciding task for providing a non-binary decision | choosing task | determining, judge, selecting, think | ||
L | task process for handling of information | information handling task | |||
LA
|
| information handling task by receiving information | learning task | criteria: form of information media | |
LAA | learning task through a visible form only | reading task | studying | ||
LAB | learning task through an audible form only | listening task | accepting, attending | ||
LAC | learning task through an audio-visible form | watching task | monitoring, observing, searching | ||
LB
|
| information handling task by transmitting information | informing task | criteria: form of information media | |
LBA | informing task through a visible form only | documenting task | configuring, documenting, filling out documents, programming, recording, reporting information, set value, setting, signing, transmit | ||
LBB | informing task through an audible form only | speaking task | advising, announcing, commanding, discussing, inform notifying, orienting workers, talking, teaching, telling, updating, warning | ||
LBC | informing task through an audio-visible form | showing task | instructing, pointing, signalling to others | ||
M
|
|
| task process for mending the body | nourishing task | Criteria: Kind of mending |
MA |
| nourishing task by consuming matter | absorbing task | Criteria: Kind of matter | |
MAA | absorbing task of liquids | drinking task | gulping, swallowing | ||
MAB | absorbing task of solids | eating task | feeding, ingesting | ||
MAC | absorbing task of gases | breathing task | inhaling | ||
MB
|
| nourishing task by being inactive | inactivating task | Criteria: Kind of inactivation | |
MBA | inactivating task by resting | relaxing task | napping, resting, sleeping, slumbering, snoozing | ||
MBB | inactivating task by delaying actions until que or event | waiting task | aging, awaiting, developing, expecting, lingering, maturing, pausing, stalling, | ||
N | task process for transforming information | information processing task | Criteria: Stage of design | ||
NA | information processing task to determine object requirements | Requirements definition task | Criteria: requirement type | ||
NAA | requirements definition task provided by stakeholders | stakeholder definition task | |||
NAB | requirements definition task provided by legislation and regulations | legislation definition task | |||
NAC | requirements definition task provided by the working organization | working organization definition task | business requirements definition | ||
NB | information processing task to mature information about an object | designing task | Criteria: level of detail | ||
NBA | designing task for high level definition | conceptual design task | feasibility studying, ideation, sketching | ||
NBB | designing task for refining and selection of concepts | preliminary design task | cost estimating, material selecting, prototyping | ||
NBC | designing task for providing detailed specifications | detailed design task | CAD modelling, specification developing, tolerance analysing | ||
NBD | designing task for implementing specifications | realizing design task | coding, programming | ||
NC | information processing task to compare object specification | design review task | |||
NCA | design review task to market needs | validation task | |||
NCB | design review task to system requirements | verification task | compliance checking. risk assessing | ||
ND | information processing task to optimize design | optimizing task | Criteria: area of optimization | ||
NDA | optimizing task related to cost | cost reduction task | cost calculating, cost optimizing | ||
NDB | optimizing task related to functional effectiveness | improvement task | capability enhancing, reliability optimizing | ||
NDC | optimizing task related to user experience | user experience enhancement task | ergonomic optimizing | ||
NDE | optimizing task related to environmental impact | sustainability analysis task | material analysing | ||
NDF | optimizing task related to compliance and safety | regulatory analysis task | risk mitigation task, safety integration task | ||
NOTE Letters not used in this table are reserved for future standardization | |||||
(informative)
Use cases
This annex provides different use cases (examples) illustrating the application of the classification tables proved in Annex AA.
Figure BB.1 shows a method for how to apply reference designations for a process flow diagram (PFD). The process flow diagram is used to express the order and decisions when carrying out the individual tasks, while the tree breakdown structure shown in Figure BB.2 is used to represent their reference designation.
This example focuses on the daily task of maintenance personnel in a technical plant. The reference designations for process tasks can be used to:
- compare standard SOPs;
- calculate maintenance time;
- allocate personnel with a license or approval to execute the process tasks
Figure BB.1 – Pump maintenance, process flow diagram
The process description can be part of a larger framework describing the procedures in a plant required for its daily operation. In this example the oil filter maintenance activity is not part of a prime process.
Figure BB.2 – Pump maintenance, process breakdown structure
SECRETARY NOTE – This annex is placeholder for the example indicated by the heading. The example will be provided in future committee draft.
Figure BB.1 shows the life cycle processes defined in ISO/IEC/IEEE 15288. Table BB.1 lists examples of mapping the technical processes listed in Figure BB.1 to classes of the classification scheme for activity processes (see Table AA.3) or task processes (see Table AA.5) or both.
Figure BB.1 – System life cycle processes provided in ISO/IEC/IEEE 15288:2023, Figure 4
Table BB.1 – Example of mapping of processes of ISO/IEC/IEEE 15288 to the classification scheme of this document
ISO/IEC/IEEE 15288 technical process | Activity process class | Task process class |
Stakeholder Requirements Definition | EC | |
System Requirements Definition | AC | NAA |
Architecture Definition | AC | NBA |
Design Definition | AC | NBA |
System Analysis | AA | |
Implementation | CC | CAA, NBD |
Integration | BC | |
Verification | EA, EB | NCB |
Transition | DB | |
Validation | EA, EB | NCA |
Operation | CF | |
Maintenance | BA | |
Disposal | DE |
[1] ISO 704, Terminology work — Principles and methods
[2] ISO/IEC/IEEE 15288, Systems and software engineering — System life cycle processes
[3] ISO 22274, Systems to manage terminology, knowledge and content — Concept-related aspects for developing and internationalizing classification systems
[4] IEC 60050‑171:2019, International Electrotechnical Vocabulary — Part 171: Digital technology – Fundamental cental concepts
[5] IEC 60050‑351:2013, International Electrotechnical Vocabulary — Part 351: Control technology
