ISO/DIS 23645:2024(en)

ISO TC 310/WG 3

Secretariat: AFNOR

Date: 2024-08-03

Child care articles — Baby walking frames — Safety requirements and test methods

© ISO 2024

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Contents Page

Foreword 6

Introduction 7

1 Scope 8

2 Normative references 8

3 Terms and definitions 9

4 Test equipment 9

4.1 Test masses 9

4.1.1 Test mass A 9

4.1.2 Test mass B 10

4.1.3 Test mass C 10

4.1.4 Test mass D 10

4.2 Small parts cylinder 10

4.3 Feeler gauge 10

4.4 Test probes for finger entrapment 11

4.4.1 Test probes with hemispherical end 11

4.4.2 Shape assessment probe 11

4.5 Test platform for stability test 12

4.6 Test equipment for dynamic stability 12

4.6.1 Test platform 12

4.6.2 Spacer 12

4.7 Test equipment for prevention of fall down steps test 12

4.7.1 Test platform 12

4.7.2 Steel cable 13

4.7.3 Pulley 13

4.7.4 Aluminium angle 13

4.7.5 Rigid plate 13

4.7.6 Structural characteristics for the test equipment 13

4.8 Foam 13

5 General requirements and test conditions 14

5.1 Product conditioning 14

5.2 Test conditions 14

5.3 Application of forces 14

5.4 Tolerances 14

5.5 Order of tests 14

6 Chemical hazards 14

6.1 General 14

6.2 Requirements 14

6.2.1 General 14

6.2.2 Sampling 15

6.3 Migration of certain elements 15

6.4 Phthalates 16

6.5 Azo colorants 16

6.6 Formaldehyde 17

6.7 Flame retardants 18

7 Thermal hazards(see B.2) 18

7.1 Requirement 18

7.2 Test method 18

8 Mechanical hazards(see B.3) 19

8.1 Entrapment hazards(see B.3.1) 19

8.1.1 Requirements 19

8.1.2 Test methods 19

8.2 Hazards due to moving parts(see B.3.2) 19

8.2.1 General 19

8.2.2 Requirements for compression points 20

8.2.3 Requirements for shear points 20

8.3 Protective function of the seat 20

8.3.1 General 20

8.3.2 Crotch strap 20

8.3.3 Removable seats 20

8.3.4 Seat height 20

8.4 Hazards due to height adjustment and folding of the product 21

8.4.1 Requirements 21

8.4.2 Test methods for height adjustment and folding mechanisms 21

8.5 Strangulation hazards due to cords, ribbons and similar parts (see B.3.3) 22

8.5.1 Requirements 22

8.5.2 Test method 22

8.6 Choking and ingestion hazard(see B.3.4) 22

8.6.1 Requirements 22

8.6.2 Test methods 22

8.7 Suffocation hazards from plastic packaging(see B.3.5) 23

8.7.1 Plastic packaging 23

8.7.2 Plastic decals 24

8.8 Hazards from edges, corners and protruding parts(see B.3.6) 24

8.9 Hazards from inadequate structural integrity(see B.3.7) 24

8.9.1 Static strength 24

8.9.2 Dynamic strength 24

8.10 Hazards from inadequate stability(see B.3.8) 25

8.10.1 Static stability 25

8.10.2 Dynamic stability 25

8.11 Hazards due to falling down stairs(see B.3.9) 26

8.11.1 Requirements 26

8.11.2 Test method 26

8.11.3 Tip over test 29

8.12 Parking devices 30

8.12.1 Requirements 30

8.12.2 Test method 30

9 Product information 32

9.1 General 32

9.2 Marking of the product 32

9.3 Purchase information 32

9.4 Instructions for use 33

Annex A (informative) Chemicals 35

A.1 General 35

A.2 Hazards of the chemicals 35

A.2.1 Migration of certain elements 35

A.2.2 Phthalates 36

A.2.3 Azo colorants 37

A.2.4 Formaldehyde 37

A.2.5 Flame retardants 38

A.3 Raw materials 38

A.4 Placed in the mouth 38

A.5 Declaration of conformity document 39

Annex B (informative) Further information on hazards 40

B.1 Introduction 40

B.2 Thermal hazards (see Clause 7) 40

B.3 Mechanical hazards (see Clause 8) 40

B.3.1 Entrapment hazards (see 8.1) 40

B.3.2 Hazards due to moving parts (see 8.2) 40

B.3.3 Strangulation hazards (see 8.5) 40

B.3.4 Choking and ingestion hazards (see 8.6) 40

B.3.5 Suffocation hazards (see 8.7) 41

B.3.6 Hazardous edges, corners and protruding parts (see 8.8) 41

B.3.7 Hazards from inadequate structural integrity (see 8.9) 41

B.3.8 Hazards from inadequate stability (see 8.10) 41

B.3.9 Hazards due to falling down stairs (see 8.11) 41

Annex C (normative) Test platform for tip over test 42

Foreword

ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.

The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).

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This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 310 Child care articles.

Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.

Introduction

The purpose of this document is to reduce the risk of accidents.

It is stressed that this document cannot eliminate all possible risks to children using such a product and that carer control is of paramount importance. Accidents are mainly due to carer(s) not anticipating the extra reach and speed that children can achieve in the baby walking frame.

It is essential that all warnings and instructions specified in this standard are clearly given by the manufacturer, to ensure that the baby walking frame can be used safely and correctly.

This document is largely based on the existing European standard EN 1273:2020. The differences between EN 1273:2020 and this document are as follows:

— Chemical requirements in Clause 6 (6.1 – 6.7);

— Product information requirements in Clause 9.1 and 9.4 .

Child care articles — Baby walking frames — Safety requirements and test methods

This document specifies safety requirements and test methods for baby walking frames into which a child is placed, and intended to be used from when the child is able to sit up by itself until the child is able to walk by itself.

This document does not apply to baby walking frames for therapeutic and curative purposes and to those baby walking frames relying on inflatable parts to support the child.

Toys (e.g. ride on toys, push-along toys, usually intended for children able to walk unaided) are not covered by this document.

If a baby walking frame has several functions or can be converted into another function, the relevant ISO standards apply to it.

The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.

ISO 105‑A03, Textiles — Tests for colour fastness — Part A03: Grey scale for assessing staining

ISO 2439:2008, Flexible cellular polymeric materials — Determination of hardness (indentation technique)

ISO 2813, Paints and varnishes — Determination of gloss value at 20°, 60° and 85°

ISO 8124‑1:2018, Safety of toys — Part 1: Safety aspects related to mechanical and physical properties

ISO 8124‑2:2014, Safety of toys — Part 2: Flammability

ISO 8124‑3:2020, Safety of toys — Part 3: Migration of certain elements

ISO 8124‑6:2018, Safety of toys — Part 6: Certain phthalate esters in toys and children’s products

ISO 12460‑1, Wood-based panels — Determination of formaldehyde release — Part 1: Formaldehyde emission by the 1-cubic-metre chamber method

ISO 14184‑1, Textiles — Determination of formaldehyde — Part 1: Free and hydrolysed formaldehyde (water extraction method)

ISO 14362‑1, Textiles — Methods for determination of certain aromatic amines derived from azo colorants — Part 1: Detection of the use of certain azo colorants accessible with and without extracting the fibres

ISO 14362‑3, Textiles — Methods for determination of certain aromatic amines derived from azo colorants — Part 3: Detection of the use of certain azo colorants, which may release 4-aminoazobenzene

ISO 17226‑1, Leather — Chemical determination of formaldehyde content — Part 1: Method using high-performance liquid chromatography

ISO 17234‑1, Leather — Chemical tests for the determination of certain azo colorants in dyed leathers —Part 1: Determination of certain aromatic amines derived from azo colorants

ISO 17234‑2, Leather — Chemical tests for the determination of certain azo colorants in dyed leathers — Part 2: Determination of 4-aminoazobenzene

For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.

ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:

— IEC Electropedia: available at https://www.electropedia.org/

— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https://www.iso.org/obp

3.1

baby walking frame

structure with a seat in which a child is placed in a sitting or standing position, which allows a child to move around with the aid of the support offered by the frame

3.2

crotch strap

device which passes between the child’s legs to prevent the child slipping out of the seat

3.3

base

lower part of the frame where castors or wheels may be attached

3.4

parking device

device to maintain the baby walking frame in a stationary position

Test mass A is a rigid cylinder (160 ± 5) mm in diameter and (280 ± 5) mm in height, having a mass of  kg and with its centre of gravity in the centre of the cylinder. All edges shall have a radius of (20 ± 1) mm. See Figure 1.

Test mass B is a rigid cylinder (160 ± 5) mm in diameter and (280 ± 5) mm in height, having a mass of  kg and with its centre of gravity in the centre of the cylinder. All edges shall have a radius of (20 ± 1) mm. See Figure 1.

Test mass C is a rigid cylinder (160 ± 5) mm in diameter and (280 ± 5) mm in height, having a mass of  kg and with its centre of gravity in the centre of the cylinder. All edges shall have a radius of (20 ± 1) mm. See Figure 1.

Dimensions in millimetres

Figure 1 — Test mass A, B and C

Test mass D is a mass of  kg with a flat circular bottom surface. See Figure 2.

Figure 2 — Test mass D

Small parts cylinder for the assessment of small components, having dimensions in accordance with Figure 3.

Dimension in millimetres

Figure 3 — Small parts cylinder

Gauge with a thickness of (0,4 ± 0,02) mm and an insertion edge radius of (3 ± 0,5) mm (see Figure 4).

Dimensions in millimetres

Figure 4 — Feeler gauge

Probes made from plastic or other hard, smooth material of diameters  mm and  mm with a full hemispherical end that can be mounted on a force-measuring device, see Figure 5.

Mesh probe made from plastic or other hard, smooth material as shown in Figure 6.

Dimensions in millimetres

Key

Figure 5 — Test probes with hemispherical end

Dimensions in millimetres

Key

Figure 6 — Test probe for mesh

Probe made from plastics or other hard, smooth material, which can be mounted on a force-measuring device, with the dimensions shown in Figure 7.

Dimensions in millimetres

Key

Figure 7 — Shape assessment probe

A sloping platform inclined at an angle of 30° to the horizontal with a 100 mm stop fitted to the lower edge of the slope (Figure 8).

Key

Figure 8 — Test platform for stability test

The test platform of 4.7.1 with an aluminium stop with a height of 40 mm and thickness of at least 10 mm at its front edge.

A squared sectioned piece of aluminium 40 mm by 40 mm with a minimum length of 200 mm.

A horizontal test platform as shown in Figure B.1 of Annex B with a flat smooth surface made of beech wood with a minimum thickness of 18 mm.

The front edge shall be straight cut, without any radius (Figure 9).

Figure 9 — Front edge of the test platform

The grain of the wooden surface shall be orientated in line with the longitudinal axis of the test platform and there shall be no joints perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the test platform (see Figure 10).

The top shall be pre-finished with wood floor polyurethane varnish with a nominal gloss of (75 ± 5) gloss units measured with an angle of 60° according to ISO 2813.

The wooden surface shall be fixed to the frame to avoid deformation of the wooden surface during the tests. If variations in temperature and/or humidity in the laboratory cause the wooden surface to deform, the fixing shall be adjusted to ensure the wooden surface is flat.

Key

Figure 10 — Orientation of the wooden surface

A galvanised steel cable with a nominal diameter of 2 mm ± 0,1 mm.

A stainless steel ball bearing pulley with the functional diameter of 80 mm with a rounded groove suitable for the cable. The centre of the pulley is positioned at a minimum distance of 510 mm from the platform edge. The height of the pulley shall be adjustable.

A 25 mm by 25 mm rigid aluminium angle with a thickness of (2 ± 0,5) mm and a length of (1,5 ± 0,1) m.

A rigid plate of a dimensions of (50 ± 2) mm × (50 ± 2) mm.

The different parts of the test equipment shall fulfil the following (see Figure 11):

i. have a maximum vertical displacement of 1 mm when a force of 400 N is applied over a diameter of 100 mm flush on the centre of the front edge of the platform (point a);

ii. have a maximum horizontal displacement of 1 mm when a force of 200 N is applied over a diameter of 100 mm on the edge parallel to the longitudinal axis of the platform at the following points: (b) front edge, (c) middle point, (d) rear edge;

iii. have a maximum horizontal displacement of 1 mm when a force of 200 N is applied over a diameter of 100 mm in the middle of the front or rear edge along the longitudinal axis of the platform (point e);

iv. have a maximum vertical displacement of 1 mm when a 20 kg mass is hung on the pulley.

Key

Figure 11 — Application of forces on the platform

A polyurethane foam sheet with a thickness of (60 ± 5) mm, a bulk density of 35 kg/m³ with a tolerance of 10 % or an indentation hardness index of (170 ± 40) N in accordance with ISO 2439:2008, A.40.

Before testing, any fabrics used shall be cleaned or washed and dried twice in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions.

The tests shall be carried out in ambient conditions of (20 ± 5) °C.

The tests are designed to be applied to baby walking frames that are fully assembled and ready for use in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions. If the baby walking frame can be assembled or adjusted in different ways in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions, the most onerous combinations shall be used for each test, unless otherwise specified in the test method.

The forces in the static load tests shall be applied sufficiently slowly to ensure that negligible dynamic effect is applied.

Unless otherwise stated, the accuracy of the test equipment shall be:

The tests are described in terms of the application of forces. Masses can however be used. The relationship 10 N = 1 kg may be used for this purpose.

Unless otherwise specified, the test forces may be applied by any suitable device which does not adversely affect the results.

Unless otherwise stated in the test methods, the tests shall be carried out on the same baby walking frame in the order listed in this standard.

Additionl information on the background and rationale for various requirements is given in Annex A. In general, the main materials used in baby walking frames are plastics or polymers, coatings, rubber, fabrics, leather, artificial leather, etc.

The chemicals presented by material in Table 1 shall conform to the requirements in 6.3 to 6.7.

Table 1 — Chemicals by material

The sample for testing shall be representative of the material used in mass production. Identical materials may be combined and treated as a single test portion. Test portions may be composed of more than one material or colour only if physical separation, such as dot printing, patterned textiles or mass limitation reasons, precludes the formation of discrete specimens.

The above sample requirement does not preclude the testing of materials before they are used to manufacture (raw materials from manufacturing process).

NOTE 1 The manufacturing process has to ensure that it does not increase prohibited risk to the materials.

Where a surface is coated with a multi-layer of paint or similar coating, the test sample shall not include any of the base material. Paint and other similar surface-coating material means a fluid, semi-fluid or other material, with or without a suspension of finely divided colouring matter, which changes to a solid film when a thin layer is applied to a metal, wood, leather, cloth, plastic or another surface.

NOTE 2 If the composite materials (e.g. coated fabric) can be mechanically separated, the coating and fabric are tested separately.

For migration of certain elements and phthalates tests, a test portion of less than 10 mg from a single laboratory sample shall not be tested.

If the mass of the test portion from a single sample is greater than 10 mg but less than the normal mass for testing, it is recommended to supplement the test materials as follows:

a) supplement the identical material from other locations of the same sample;

b) sampling from raw materials: if raw materials are used instead of finished product, this should be noted in the test report.

The migration of elements from materials(see table 1) on exterior surfaces shall not exceed the limits listed in Table 2, considering the correction factor when tested in accordance with ISO 8124-3:2020.

Table 2 — Maximum acceptable element migration from baby walking frames

Components under the base (e.g. castors or wheels, braking pads, …) are excluded from these requirements.

All accessible plasticized materials should not contain phthalates exceeding the limits in Table 3.

The test procedure given in ISO 8124-6:2018 shall be used.

Table 3 — Maximum acceptable phthalates in baby walking frames

All accessible coloured fabrics, leather and artificial leather shall not contain aromatic amines as given in Table 4, which can be released by reductive cleavage of one or more azo groups in excess of 30 mg/kg.

Table 4 — Limits of aromatic amines in baby walking frames

The test procedure given in ISO 14362-1 and ISO 14362-3 for fabric, and ISO 17234-1 and ISO 17234-2 for leather shall be used.

A test portion below 0,2 g in a single laboratory sample shall be exempted from test. All colours shall be tested. Up to three colours may be combined as one specimen.

Azo colorants that are able to form 4-aminoazobenzene generate amines aniline (CAS number 62-53-3) and 1,4-phenylenediamine (CAS number 106-50-3) under the conditions of ISO 14362-1 and ISO 17234-1. Due to detection limits, it is possible only aniline is be detected. If aniline of above 5 mg/kg is detected, then the presence of these colorants shall be tested as per ISO 14362-3 for fabric or ISO 17234-2 for leather, which can release 4-aminoazobenzene.

“White” and uncoloured fibres, threads or fabrics are not considered to contain azo colorants and, therefore, these parts do not have to be tested. But attention should be paid to “pale printed” materials as they can contain azo colorants.

All accessible fabric and leather materials shall not release formaldehyde in excess of 20 mg/kg (See Table 5).

All fibreboard shall not release formaldehyde in excess of 0,124 mg/m 3 (See Table 5).

Table 5 — Maximum acceptable formaldehyde in baby walking frames

For formaldehyde released from fabric and leather, the test procedure given in ISO 14184-1 for fabric and ISO 17226-1 for leather shall be used.

Different types of fabrics shall be tested separately but the colour difference can be ignored. A test portion below 1,0 g in a single laboratory sample shall be exempted from the test.

For formaldehyde released from fibreboard, the test procedure is defined in ISO 12460-1.

Accessible plastics, artificial leather and fabrics of baby walking frames, which are not treated with flame retardant, shall be exempted from flame-retardant testing. Only a declaration of conformity document is required. The template of declaration of conformity for flame retardants in A.5 can be used for reference.

Accessible plastics, artificial leather and fabrics in the baby walking frames, which are treated with flame retardant, shall not contain the flame retardants listed in Table 6 according to the limits given in Table 6.

Table 6 — Flame retardants concerned in baby walking frames

When tested in accordance with 7.2, there shall be no surface flash and the rate of spread of flame on textile materials shall not exceed 50 mm/s.

These tests can be performed on a separate sample, conditioned according to 5.1, or at the end of the test sequence.

To verify the surface flash effect apply the test flame defined in ISO 8124‑2: 2014, 5.5 for (3 ± 0,5) s to the baby walking frame in different places likely to cause surface flash.

To verify rate of spread of flame apply the test flame defined in ISO 8124‑2:2014, 5.4.

When tested in accordance with 8.1.2, there shall be no completely bounded openings between 7 mm and 12 mm unless the depth is less than 10 mm or unless the shape assessment probe (see 4.4.2) enters when tested in accordance with 8.1.2.

When tested in accordance with 8.1.2, there shall be no openings in mesh that allow the test probe for mesh (see 4.4.1) to penetrate to the 7 mm diameter section.

The test shall be carried out with the product in any intended position of use.

This requirement does not apply to the castors, wheels, the whole base of the baby walking frame, and to any other part of the underside of the tray more than 100 mm from the vertical projection of the outer edge (see Figure 12).

Dimensions in millimetres

Key

Figure 12 — Underside of the tray

Check whether the 7 mm probe (see 4.4.1), with an applied force of up to 30 N, enters 10 mm or more into any accessible completely bounded opening in any possible orientation.

If the 7 mm probe enters 10 mm or more, then the 12 mm probe (see 4.4.1) shall also enter 10 mm or more with an applied force of up to 5 N.

If the 7 mm probe enters with an applied force of up to 30 N but the 12 mm probe does not enter 10 mm or more with an applied force of up to 5 N, check whether the 12 mm shape assessment probe (see 4.4.2) enters 10 mm or more with an applied force of up to 5 N.

Check whether the test probe for mesh (see 4.4.1), with an applied force of up to 30 N, penetrates accessible openings in mesh up to the 7 mm diameter section.

Shear and compression points which are created only when setting up or folding are acceptable as the carer can be assumed to be in control of these actions.

The castors, wheels, whole base of the baby walking frame and the underside of the tray, more than 100 mm from the vertical projection of the outer edge of the tray, are excluded from the requirements of 8.2.

After the baby walking frame is set up for normal use in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions, there shall be no compression points which can close to less than 12 mm unless they are always less than 5 mm, through the whole range of movement.

Movement due to elasticity of materials shall not be considered as a compression hazard.

After the baby walking frame is set up for normal use in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions there shall be no shear points which can close to less than 12 mm.

Movement due to play and/or elasticity of materials shall not be considered as a shearing hazard.

There shall be no harness-based restraint system.

The baby walking frame shall be fitted with a crotch strap.

Where a crotch strap is made of flexible material, the width shall be at least 50 mm.

Where a crotch strap is made of rigid material, the width shall be at least 20 mm.

If the seat is removable, the fixing mechanism(s) to attach the seat shall be designed so as to prevent the seat from inadvertently becoming detached.

This requirement is met if one of the following is fulfilled:

a) the removal of the seat requires at least two independent fixing mechanisms which shall be operated simultaneously; or

b) a single fixing mechanism is designed to be operated only with the use of a tool; or

c) a single fixing mechanism requires a force of at least 50 N to release it; or

d) two consecutive actions are required to release the fixing mechanism, the operation of the second action being dependent on the first action being carried out and maintained; or

e) 3 or more independent actions (e.g. undoing a clip) are required to remove the seat.

Requirement

The height of the seat in the lowest position shall be at least 180 mm above the ground, when measured in accordance with 8.3.4.2.

Test methods

Place the baby walking frame on a smooth level horizontal surface.

Place the test mass A (4.1.1) centrally in a vertical position on the seat of the baby walking frame and leave it for 10 min before measuring.

Measure the seat height from the lower surface of the test mass to the horizontal surface (see Figure 13).

Key

Figure 13 — Measurement of the minimum height of adjustable seat

General

Baby walking frames which can be folded or adjusted shall be fitted with locking mechanism(s) for the folding and height adjustment system.

Incomplete deployment

To avoid the hazard due to incomplete deployment, at least one locking mechanism shall engage automatically when the product is deployed for use in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions for use.

Unintentional release of locking mechanism(s)

To avoid the hazards due to unintentional release, after testing in accordance with 8.4.2, the baby walking frame shall not collapse, shall remain locked in the position for use and one of the following conditions shall be fulfilled:

a) there are at least two independent locking devices that shall be operated simultaneously; or

b) the locking mechanism is designed to be operated only with the use of a tool; or

c) two consecutive actions are required to release the locking mechanism, the operation of the second action being dependent on the first action being carried out and maintained.

Durability test

Release any height adjustment and/or folding mechanisms.

Completely fold the baby walking frame and erect in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions.

Repeat the test for a total of 100 cycles.

Strength test

Set up the baby walking frame for normal use in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions.

Apply a force of 200 N in the direction of the folding action of the baby walking frame and maintain the force for 2 min.

Apply the force 5 times in total.

Cords, ribbons and similar parts shall have a free length not exceeding 220 mm when tested in accordance with 8.5.2.

Where cords, ribbons and similar parts are attached to the baby walking frame together or within 80 mm of each other, any single cord shall have a free length not exceeding 220 mm and the combined length from one loose end to the end of another loose end shall not exceed 360 mm (see Figure 14), when tested in accordance with 8.5.2.

Loops shall have a peripheral dimension not exceeding 360 mm, when tested in accordance with 8.5.2.

Monofilament threads shall not be used.

Dimensions in millimetres

Key

Figure 14 — Examples of measuring cords, ribbons or similar parts

The length of a cord, ribbon or similar part is measured from the fixing point on the baby walking frame to the free end of the cord, ribbon or similar part while a 25 N tensile force is applied.

The peripheral dimension of a loop shall be measured while a 25 N tensile force is applied.

When tested in accordance with 8.6.2 any component or part of a component that is removed, whether intended to be removed without the use of a tool or not, shall not fit entirely within the small parts cylinder specified in 4.2.

Assessment of child’s ability to grip components

A component is considered to be able to be gripped by a child if it can grip the component between its thumb and forefinger or between its teeth.

Where it is difficult to assess whether a child can grip a component, establish whether it can be gripped by inserting once the feeler gauge specified in 4.3 between the component and the underlying layer at an angle between 0° and 10° from the surface of the underlying layer using a force of (10 ± 1) N. If the gauge can be inserted more than 2 mm, the component is considered to be able to be gripped by the child.

Torque test

Apply a torque gradually to the component within a period of 5 s in a clockwise direction until either:

a) a rotation of 180° from the original position has been attained; or

b) a torque of 0,34 Nm is reached.

The maximum rotation or required torque shall be applied for (10 ± 1) s.

The component shall then be allowed to return to a relaxed condition and the procedure repeated in an anticlockwise direction.

Where projections, components or assemblies are rigidly mounted on an accessible rod or shaft, designed to rotate together with the projections, components or assemblies, during the test the rod or shaft shall be clamped to prevent rotation.

If a component attached by a screw thread becomes loosened during application of the required torque, the torque shall continue to be applied until the required torque is exceeded or the component disassembles or it becomes apparent that the component will not disassemble.

When using clamps and test equipment, care shall be taken not to damage the attachment mechanism or body of the component.

Check whether any component or part of a component that is removed during the test fits wholly in any orientation, without compressing or manipulating it, within the small parts cylinder specified in 4.2.

Tensile test

The tensile test shall be carried out on the same components as the torque test.

Attach a suitable clamp to the component, taking care not to damage the attachment mechanism or body of the component.

Fasten the component in a tensile testing machine and apply a tensile force of 90 N to the component to be tested. Apply the force gradually within a period of 5 s and maintain for (10 ± 1) s.

Check whether any component or part of a component that is removed during the test fits wholly in any orientation, without compressing or manipulating it, within the small parts cylinder specified in 4.2.

Any plastic covering used for packaging with an area greater than 100 mm × 100 mm shall conform to at least one of the following requirements:

a) have an average sheet thickness of 0,038 mm or more; or

b) be perforated with defined holes so that a minimum of 1 % of the area has been removed over any area of 30 mm × 30 mm.

Any plastic covering used for packaging with an opening perimeter greater than 360 mm shall not have a drawstring or cord as a means of closing and shall be marked in the official language(s) of the country of sale with the word “WARNING” followed by the statement “Keep plastic covering away from children to avoid suffocation”.

The statement may be expressed in different words providing they clearly convey the same warning.

The text shall be accompanied by the symbol of the warning triangle (<graphic> </graphic>). The symbol, with a minimum height of 1 cm, can be put on the top of the list of warnings when different languages are used.

Shrunk-on films that are destroyed when the packaging is opened by the user are excluded from these requirements.

Requirement

Plastic decals or parts of plastic decals shall not become detached when tested in accordance with 8.7.2.2.

Test method

Completely submerge the area to be tested in a container of demineralized water at a temperature of (20 ± 5) °C for 4 min ± 10 s. Remove the product, shake off excess water and keep the product in ambient temperature for 10 min ± 10 s.

Repeat the test for additional 3 times.

This test can be performed on a separate sample, conditioned according to 5.1, or at the end of the test sequence.

All edges, corners and protruding parts of the baby walking frame shall be rounded and free from burrs.

All surfaces shall be free from burrs and sharp edges.

Requirement

When tested in accordance with 8.9.1.2.1 or 8.9.1.2.2 the baby walking frame shall not collapse or change from one height adjustment position to another.

Test method

Baby walking frames not fitted with a tray

Adjustable seats shall be adjusted to their highest position.

Place a mass of 30 kg evenly distributed on the seat.

Maintain the mass for .

Remove the mass and allow the baby walking frame to recover for before proceeding to 8.9.2.

Baby walking frames fitted with a tray

Adjustable seats shall be adjusted to their highest position.

Place a mass of 30 kg evenly distributed on the seat and a mass of 10 kg evenly distributed over a diameter of 120 mm on the centre of the tray.

Maintain the masses for .

Remove the masses and allow the baby walking frame to recover for before proceeding to 8.9.2.

Requirement

When tested in accordance with 8.9.2.2 the seat and crotch strap shall not tear and the baby walking frame shall not collapse or change from one height adjustment position to another.

Test method

Adjustable seats shall be adjusted to their highest position.

Place the foam (see 4.8) on the seat.

Hold the test mass A (4.1.1) in a vertical position 70 mm above the centre of the seat and allow it to drop freely on to the seat.

Carry out the test for a total of 100 drops.

Requirements

When tested in accordance with 8.10.1.2, the baby walking frame shall not overturn.

Test method

Adjustable seats shall be adjusted to their highest position.

Position the test mass A (4.1.1) vertically in the centre of the seat.

The movement of the test mass during the test shall be minimized as far as possible by any appropriate means of negligible mass.

Place the baby walking frame on the slope (4.5) against the stop.

Adjust the castors or wheels to their most onerous position.

Carry out the test in forward, sideward and rearward direction.

Requirements

When tested in accordance with 8.10.2.2, the baby walking frame shall not overturn, there shall be no fracture and shall still function as intended. Where the baby walking frame is supplied with detachable toy accessories, the baby walking frame shall be tested without the toy accessories.

Test method

General

Adjustable seats shall be adjusted to their highest position.

Unlock parking devices and any devices used to slow down the product (if any).

Establish a vertical plane A that passes through the centre of the seating area and is parallel to the direction the child faces. Establish a vertical plane B that is perpendicular to plane A and passes through the centre of the seating area.

The dynamic stability test shall be carried out in the forward (8.10.2.2.2) and rearward (8.10.2.2.3) direction.

In case the forward and rearward directions are not evident, the baby walking frame shall be tested in the most onerous forward direction allowed in the instructions for use and in its opposite rearward direction.

Forward facing dynamic stability test

Position the baby walking frame on the test platform (4.6.1) facing forward, so that plane A is perpendicular to the front edge of the platform and passes through the centre of the pulley (4.7.3).

Position the test mass B (4.1.2) vertically in the centre of the seat.

The movement of the test mass during the test shall be minimized as far as possible by any appropriate means of negligible mass.

Place a spacer (4.6.2) on the platform next to the stop. Move the baby walking frame towards the stop so that the most protruding part(s) of the baby walking frame base touch(es) the spacer thus keeping the most protruding part(s) of the baby walking frame base at a distance of 40 mm from the stop. If one spacer is not high enough, add one more spacer on top of the previous one.

Attach test mass D (4.1.4) to the front of the baby walking frame base at plane A by means of a steel cable (4.7.2) and a pulley (4.7.3) and adjust the pulley so that the force is applied horizontally.

The mass shall drop into a bucket containing sand. The surface of the sand shall be levelled to ensure that the whole base area of the mass hits the surface of the sand simultaneously.

Adjust the length of the steel cable so that the bottom surface of the test mass D just touches the surface of the sand.

To fine tune the length of the steel cable, move the baby walking frame 10 mm to 20 mm from the spacer(s) and release it in order to verify that, at this position, the tension of the steel cable is sufficient to propel the baby walking frame forward. Remove the spacer(s) to verify that when the baby walking frame is 40 mm from the stop the tension of the steel cable is not sufficient to propel the baby walking frame forward.

NOTE The fine-tuning might have to be done in an iterative way.

Re-position the baby walking frame so that the distance d from the most protruding part(s) of the baby walking frame base to the stop is 580 mm. Ensure that castors face in the direction of the intended travel by moving the baby walking frame away from the front edge and back again to the start position.

Release the baby walking frame.

Repeat the test by using test mass C (4.1.3) and a distance d of 720 mm.

Rearward facing dynamic stability test

Carry out the test as described in 8.10.2.2.2 but with the baby walking frame facing rearward.

When tested in accordance with 8.11.2 the baby walking frame shall maintain contact with and be supported only by the test platform in each of the tests.

General

Clean the test platform (4.7.1) and the underside of the base (e.g. wheels, stoppers) of the baby walking frame with a cloth dampened with demineralized water. Let it dry before performing the tests.

Detachable toys shall be removed.

Position test mass B (4.1.2) vertically in the centre of the seat. The movement of the test mass inside the seat shall not be restricted.

Establish a vertical plane A that passes through the centre of the test mass and is parallel to the direction the child faces. Establish a vertical plane B that is perpendicular to plane A and passes through the centre of the test mass.

Drill hole(s) in the base at a height of 60 mm from the test platform aligned with plane A at the front and at the rear and plane B on both sides (see Figure 15). The hole(s) shall not affect the performance of the product during the tests.

If the design of the product does not allow to drill the hole(s) as defined above, drill the hole(s) in the base aligned with plane A and plane B as described above at a height as close as possible to 60 mm by increments of ±5 mm but not higher than 100 mm (see Figure 15). This only applies to the front, back or side where it is not possible to drill the hole at 60 mm. If this applies only to the back of the product, for example, then the holes on the front and the sides shall be at 60 mm.

If the design of the product does not allow to drill the hole(s) as defined above, attach a piece of steel cable (see 4.7.2) wherever possible along the walking frame base at the same height defined above (see Figure 16). This steel cable shall be fitted with an attachment device aligned with plane A or plane B as relevant.

Additional holes could be required on the tray to fix the bar required for the tip over test (see 8.11.3).

Key

Figure 15 — Position of holes on the base

Key

Figure 16 — Preparation of product (holes for cables) for products with open base

Parking devices and speed controls shall be unlocked or adjusted to allow the maximum speed; in case of systems that cannot be unlocked or adjusted (e.g. automatic weight based brakes on wheels), the test shall be done by forcing these systems not to slow down the product. This can be achieved by any means not affecting the weight of the product.

Forward facing step test

Place the baby walking frame on the test platform (4.7.1).

Adjustable seats shall be adjusted to their highest position.

Position test mass B (4.1.2) vertically in the centre of the seat.

Attach the steel cable to the front of the base through the hole aligned with plane A or to the attachment device on the steel cable attached along the base and aligned with plane A (see 8.11.2.1).

Pass the steel cable through the pulley adjusting the pulley so that the cable is parallel to the test platform. Attach test mass D (4.1.4) to the free end of the cable.

Position the baby walking frame on the test platform facing forward so that plane A is perpendicular to the front edge of the platform and passes through the centre of the pulley and distance d from the axis of the most forward wheel(s) to the edge of the test platform is 371 mm.

Ensure that all castors face in the direction of the intended travel.

Use a suitable device (e.g. hook, clamp and cord, magnet, …) to maintain the baby walking frame in the starting position. The device shall allow the release of the baby walking frame without generating any additional force or movement on the baby walking frame.

Release the baby walking frame by the use of the device. If during the travel, before the first wheel(s) reach(es) the platform edge, the baby walking frame moves laterally or rotates as a consequence of an inadequate test setup, discard the test and repeat the procedure.

When the baby walking frame comes to rest the test mass D shall still be applied.

If any part of the baby walking frame extends over the edge of the test platform, remove the test mass D 30 s after the baby walking frame has come to rest and perform the tip over test specified in 8.11.3.2.

Repeat the test a further 2 times.

Repeat the testing procedure in the lowest height adjustment position.

Sideward facing step test

Place the baby walking frame on the test platform (4.7.1).

Adjustable seats shall be adjusted to their highest position.

Position test mass B (4.1.2) vertically in the centre of the seat.

Attach the steel cable to the side of the base through the hole aligned with plane B or to the attachment device on the steel cable attached along the base and aligned with plane B (see 8.11.2.1).

Pass the steel cable through the pulley adjusting the pulley so that the cable is parallel to the test platform. Attach test mass D (4.1.4) to the free end of the cable.

Position the baby walking frame on the test platform facing sideways so that plane B is perpendicular to the front edge of the platform and passes through the centre of the pulley and distance d from the centre of the most sideward wheel(s) to the edge of the test platform is 91 mm.

Ensure that all castors face in the direction of the intended travel.

Use a suitable device (e.g. hook, clamp and cord, magnet, …) to maintain the baby walking frame in the starting position. The device shall allow the release of the baby walking frame without generating any additional force or movement on the baby walking frame.

Release the baby walking frame by the use of the device.

When the baby walking frame comes to rest the test mass D shall still be applied.

If any part of the baby walking frame extends over the edge of the test platform, remove the test mass D 30 s after the baby walking frame has come to rest and perform the tip over test specified in 8.11.3.3.

Repeat the test a further 2 times.

Repeat the testing procedure in the lowest height adjustment position.

Repeat the testing procedure on the other side.

Rearward facing step test

Place the baby walking frame on the test platform (4.7.1).

Adjustable seats shall be adjusted to their highest position.

Position test mass B (4.1.2) vertically in the centre of the seat.

Attach the steel cable to the back of the base through the hole aligned with plane A or to the attachment device on the steel cable attached along the base and aligned with plane A (see 8.11.2.1).

Pass the steel cable through the pulley adjusting the pulley so that the cable is parallel to the test platform. Attach test mass D (4.1.4) to the free end of the cable.

Position the baby walking frame on the test platform facing rearward so that plane A is perpendicular to the front edge of the platform and passes through the centre of the pulley and distance d from the centre of the most rearward wheel(s) to the edge of the test platform is 371 mm.

Ensure that all castors face in the direction of the intended travel.

Use a suitable device (e.g. hook, clamp and cord, magnet, …) to maintain the baby walking frame in the starting position. The device shall allow the release of the baby walking frame without generating any additional force or movement on the baby walking frame.

Release the baby walking frame by the use of the device. If during the travel, before the first wheel(s) reach(es) the platform edge, the baby walking frame moves laterally or rotates as a consequence of an inadequate test setup, discard the test and repeat the procedure.

When the baby walking frame comes to rest the test mass D shall still be applied.

If any part of the baby walking frame extends over the edge of the test platform, remove the test mass D 30 s after the baby walking frame has come to rest.

Repeat the test a further 2 times.

Repeat the testing procedure in the lowest height adjustment position.

General

Calculate distance x (in mm) with the following formula:

- 25 (1)

where y is the height (in mm) of the baby walking frame at the top edge in front of the seating area.

The height y shall be determined with test mass B (4.1.2) placed in the seat unit (see Figure 17).

Key

Figure 17 — Determination of y for the calculation of x

Forward tip over test

Remove the test mass B.

Attach the aluminium angle (4.7.4), positioned centrally on the uppermost part of the baby walking frame in front of the seating area in plane A and parallel to the floor (when all wheels have contact to the floor).

The aluminium angle shall be attached by means of negligible mass, for example straps.

Locate the point on the aluminium angle which is at a distance x beyond the front edge of the seating area. In case of a non-rigid edge any soft material shall be compressed by applying a force of 50 N in the centre of the rigid plate (4.7.5). Gradually attach a mass of 7,65 kg to this point over a period of 5 s; maintain the force for 10 s.

If the baby walking frame has a tray which extends forward at least a distance x beyond the front edge of the occupant seating area, the mass may be attached directly to the tray as shown in Figure B.1 of Annex B.

Sideward tip over test

Remove the test mass B.

Attach the aluminium angle (4.7.4), positioned centrally on the uppermost part of the baby walking frame sidewards of the seating area in plane B and parallel to the floor (when all wheels have contact to the floor).

The aluminium angle shall be attached by means of negligible mass, for example straps.

Locate the point on the aluminium angle which is at a distance x beyond the sideward edge of the seating area. In case of a non-rigid edge any soft material shall be compressed by applying a force of 50 N in the centre of the rigid plate (4.7.5).

Gradually attach a mass of 7,65 kg to this point (see Figure B.1 of Annex B) over a period of 5 s; maintain the force for 10 s.

Baby walking frames fitted with a parking device shall have a maximum movement of 50 mm when tested in accordance with 8.12.2.

If the baby walking frame is intended to move around a fixed point, the maximum displacement of the part of the baby walking frame to remain fixed shall be 50 mm when tested in accordance with 8.12.2.

General

Adjust any manual speed control to the fastest position.

Establish a vertical plane A that passes through the centre of the seating area and is parallel to the direction the child faces. Establish a vertical plane B that is perpendicular to plane A and passes through the centre of the seating area.

The parking devices test shall be carried out in the forward (8.12.2.2), sideward (8.12.2.3) and rearward (8.12.2.4) direction.

In case the forward, sidewards and rearward directions are not evident, the baby walking frame shall be tested in the most onerous forward direction allowed in the instructions for use, in its opposite rearward direction and in both directions perpendicular to the forward.

Forward facing test of parking devices

Place the baby walking frame on the test platform (4.7.1).

Adjustable seats shall be adjusted to their highest position.

Position test mass B (4.1.2) vertically in the centre of the seat.

Position the baby walking frame on the test platform facing forward so that plane A is perpendicular to the front edge of the platform and passes through the centre of the pulley.

Engage all parking devices in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions.

Attach the steel cable to the front of the base through the hole aligned with plane A or to the attachment device on the steel cable attached along the base and aligned with plane A (see 8.11.2.1).

Pass the steel cable through the pulley adjusting the pulley so that the cable is parallel to the test platform.

Within one minute of placing the baby walking frame on the platform attach the test mass D (4.1.4) to the free end of the cable gradually within 5 s.

Remove the mass after 1 min ± 5 s.

Measure the displacement.

Repeat the testing procedure in each other height adjustment position.

Sideward facing test of parking devices

Place the baby walking frame on the test platform (4.7.1).

Adjustable seats shall be adjusted to their highest position.

Position test mass B (4.1.2) vertically in the centre of the seat.

Position the baby walking frame on the test platform facing sideward so that plane B is perpendicular to the front edge of the platform and passes through the centre of the pulley.

Engage all parking devices in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions.

Attach the steel cable to the front of the base through the hole aligned with plane B or to the attachment device on the steel cable attached along the base and aligned with plane B (see 8.11.2.1).

Pass the steel cable through the pulley adjusting the pulley so that the cable is parallel to the test platform.

Within one minute of placing the baby walking frame on the platform attach the test mass D (4.1.4) to the free end of the cable gradually within 5 s.

Remove the mass after 1 min ± 5 s.

Measure the displacement.

Repeat the testing procedure in each other height adjustment position.

Rearward facing test of parking devices

Place the baby walking frame on the test platform (4.7.1).

Adjustable seats shall be adjusted to their highest position.

Position test mass B (4.1.2) vertically in the centre of the seat.

Position the baby walking frame on the test platform facing rearward so that plane A is perpendicular to the front edge of the platform and passes through the centre of the pulley.

Engage all parking devices in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions.

Attach the steel cable to the front of the base through the hole aligned with plane A or to the attachment device on the steel cable attached along the base and aligned with plane A (see 8.11.2.1).

Pass the steel cable through the pulley adjusting the pulley so that the cable is parallel to the test platform.

Within one minute of placing the baby walking frame on the platform attach the test mass D (4.1.4) to the free end of the cable gradually within 5 s.

Remove the mass after 1 min ± 5 s.

Measure the displacement.

Repeat the testing procedure in each other height adjustment position.

Product information shall be provided to reduce the possible consequences of foreseeable hazards connected with the use of baby walking frames.

Product information shall be provided in the official language(s) of the country where the product is sold.

In the warnings required in 9.2, 9.3 and 9.4, the word “product” can be substituted by an appropriate word describing the product or specific configuration.

Warning statements in 9.2, 9.3 and 9.4 may be expressed in different words providing they clearly convey the same message.

Warning sentences shall be written in letters whose upper case shall be at least 2,5 mm in height. The word “WARNING” shall be written in upper case.

The baby walking frame shall be permanently marked with at least the following:

a) the name or trade mark of the manufacturer, importer or the organization responsible for its sale and the respective address;

b) the identification of the product (e.g. the model number, name or other means to identify it);

The baby walking frame shall be visibly and permanently marked with at least the following warnings:

[1] “WARNING”

[2] “Prevent access to stairs, steps and uneven surfaces”

[3] “Never leave the child unattended”

This warning shall be accompanied by the graphical symbol of Figure 18.

NOTE The symbol presented in this standard is owned by the Consumers, Health, Agriculture, and Food Executive Agency (CHAFEA), an executive agency of the European Commission. The symbols can be freely used by anyone, but shall not be included as part of any trade mark or design registration.

NOTE Symbols in Figure 18 are represented on a grey background to highlight the presence of the white border.

Figure 18 — Graphical symbol for “Never leave the child unattended”

Purchase information shall be available at the point of sale and shall contain the following warnings:

[1] WARNING

[2] “Never leave the child unattended”

[3] “Prevent access to stairs, steps and uneven surfaces”

Purchase information shall also contain the following information:

a) the name or trade mark of the manufacturer, importer or the organization responsible for its sale and the respective address;

b) the identification of the product (e.g. the model number, name or other means to identify it);

c) number and date of the standard;

d) the statement: “this product is intended only for a child who can sit up by itself and until it is able to walk by itself or weighs more than 12 kg”.

NOTE If the product is sold through the internet, the point of sale is the web page where the product is sold.

Instructions for use shall contain the name or trade mark of the manufacturer, importer or the organization responsible for its sale and the respective address and the identification of the product (e.g. the model number, name).

Instructions concerning correct and safe assembly and use of the baby walking frame shall be provided.

If the product can be disassembled by consumers (e.g. for storage), instructions for disassembly and reassembly shall be provided.

These instructions shall be headed:

“IMPORTANT! READ CAREFULLY AND KEEP FOR FUTURE REFERENCE”

These instructions shall include the following warnings.

[1] “WARNING”

[2] “Never leave the child unattended”

This warning shall be accompanied by the graphical symbol of Figure 18.

[3] “The child will be able to reach further and move rapidly when in the baby walking frame”

[4] “Prevent access to stairs, steps and uneven surfaces”

[5] “Guard all fires, heating and cooking appliances”

[6] “Remove hot liquids, electrical cables and other potential hazards from reach”

[7] “Prevent collisions with glass in doors, windows and furniture”

These instructions shall include instructions for the maintenance of the product and for cleaning or washing and the following statements:

a) This product is intended only for a child who can sit up by itself and until it is able to walk by itself or weighs more than 12 kg.

b) This baby walking frame should be used only for short periods of time (e.g. 20 min).

c) This baby walking frame is intended for indoor use only.

d) Do not use the product if any components are broken or missing.

e) Do not use accessories or replacement parts other than those approved by the manufacturer.

f) As the child is able to move rapidly when in a baby walking frame, be aware that the child might reach hazardous areas in the house, like a bathtub, household kitchen/laundry appliances, heating devices, bookshelves/furniture from which an object may fall, etc.

1. 
   (informative)
   
   Chemicals
   1. General

Baby walking frames, including the chemicals they contain, should be safe for children when they use it. They should be produced in accordance with quality standards to ensure there is no increased risk from chemicals.

Many countries currently only have legislation for toy products and not also for baby walking frames. The purpose of this annex is to establish a regulation umbrella to avoid chemical hazards. it includes the universally recognized and widely prohibited chemical substances in children’s products around the world to establish a basic essential chemical safety system for children.

For chemical restrictions on toys and children’s products, different countries can have different legislations or standards, such as REACH, RoHS, POPs, TSD in European Union (EU) and CPSA, TSCA in the US, GB 6675 in China, CCPSA in Canada, food sanitation and ST 2016 in Japan, common safety standards for child products in Korea, etc.

The main raw materials used in baby walking frames are plastics or polymers, coatings, fabrics, rubber, etc. Different materials can have different chemical hazards. For example, a coating heavy metals and phthalates, plastic and rubber can contain phthalates, textiles and leather can contain azo dyes and formaldehyde. In terms of the material requirements in Table 1, metals usually have a surface coating and only small parts of metals, glass and ceramics should be tested, but they do not meet the mechanical physical requirements, so they are not in the scope of other material in Table 1. Testing portions could be picked up from each material based on the product’s bill of material (BOM).

NOTE The accessibility of materials is evaluated using the apparatus in ISO 8124-1:2018, 5.7.2.

• 1. Hazards of the chemicals
     1. Migration of certain elements

Heavy metals are one of the most concerning chemicals in toys and children’s products. Lead, cadmium and some heavy metals can accumulate in the human body over time, leading to chronic poisoning and affecting children’s memory and intelligence. Because children are less resistant to chemicals, the use of heavy metals shall be restricted in toys and children’s products.

Heavy metal pollution is everywhere. It can pollute water, soil, food and even accumulate in biology. Certain elements may be found in all kinds of materials. Some elements and their compounds can interact with certain proteins or enzymes, thereby resulting in their deactivation and causing subsequent acute toxicity to the human body.

Certain elements are restricted in most regulations and standards for toys and children’s products such as 2009/48/EC in EU, ASTM F963 in the US, GB 6675 in China, food sanitation and ST 2016 in Japan, etc. The test methods of certain elements are given in, for example, EN 71-3, ISO 8124-3, ASTM F963 and GB 6675.4. In most countries and regions, eight elements are restricted in product standards for toys and children’s products, including ISO 8124-3, the most popular standard for toys. Therefore, this document refers to the requirements of ISO 8124-3 and restricts these eight elements.

Test portions should be taken from a single baby walking frame sample. A composite test is not recommended.

If only 10 mg to 100 mg of the material is available, test and calculate the quantity of the appropriat elements as if a test portion of 100 mg had been used. The actual mass of the test portion should be noted in the test report. If the test portion exceeds 100 mg, it can be replaced by raw materials.

• • 1. Phthalates

Phthalates are widely found in plasticized materials, and the intentional addition of specific plasticizers has been banned in toys. But in many countries, specific plasticizers have not been banned in baby walking frames. The main plasticized materials in baby walking frames are plastic and rubber, to which a plasticizer can be added to increase the ductility of the material. Baby walking frames are composed of various plastic materials in which plasticizers are very frequently used as additives. Som phthalate plasticizers are endocrine disruptors that could cause birth defects. It is of great significance to include phthalate plasticizers in restrictions for pushchairs and prams.

NOTE Plasticized materials are any of the following homogeneous materials:

— polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC), polyvinyl acetate (PVA) and polyurethane (PU);

— any other polymer (including polymer foams and rubber material), except silicone rubber and natural rubber;

— surface coatings, non-slip coatings, finishes, decals and printed designs;

— adhesives, sealants, paints and inks.

As a plasticizer, phthalates often exist in PVC as well as other plastics, including PVA, PVDC and PU. PVC is used in toys, children’s products and many other consumer products in the form of wire and cable for insulation purpose. Certain plastics, such as polyethylene and polypropylene, usually do not contain plasticizers, but surface coatings and adhesives on them can contain phthalates. Even though some plastics do not need plasticizers, they could still be contaminated by phthalates, which means that phthalates can be found in some elastomers or synthetic rubbers. Most natural and synthetic fibre textiles are not expected to contain phthalates, but printed designs, coatings, surface treatments and elastic components can contain phthalates.

Examples of materials that can contain phthalates:

— PVC and related polymers, such as PVDC and PVA;

— soft or flexible plastics, except polyolefins;

— soft or flexible rubber, except silicone rubber and natural latex;

— foam rubber or foam plastic, such as PU;

— surface coatings, non-slip coatings, finishes, decals and printed designs;

— elastic materials in apparel, such as sleepwear;

— adhesives and sealants;

— electrical insulation;

— textile materials with applied surface coatings, glue or vinyl decorations.

Examples of pure and new materials that do not normally contain phthalates:

— unfinished metal;

— natural wood, except for coatings and adhesives added to wood;

— textiles made of natural fibres, such as cotton or wool, except for printed decorations, waterproof coatings or other surface treatments, back coatings and elastic materials (especially sleepwear);

— textiles made of common synthetic fibres, such as polyester, acrylic and nylon, except for printed decorations, waterproof coatings or other surface treatments, and elastic materials except for any textiles containing PVC or related polymers;

— polyethylene and polypropylene (polyolefins);

— silicone rubber and natural latex;

— mineral products such as play sand, glass and crystal.

Six phthalates (DBP, BBP, DEHP, DNOP, DINP, DIDP) are restricted in major countries in the world. The limit is generally 0,1 % for a sum of three phthalates or individually. To date, different testing methods of phthalates are also specified in various standards, such as ISO 8124-6, GB/T 22048, EN 14372, and CPSC-CH-C1001-09.4, Method C34 etc.

A composite test of phthalates, in which up to three test portions can be combined as one test specimen, can be used screening purpose. If the result of the composite test is below the action limit, it can be used for conformity assessment, otherwise, further action, including individual testing is needed.

• • 1. Azo colorants

Fabric is also one of the major compositions of the baby walking frames. Fabrics dyes are used in fabric dyeing to make the fabric into different colours. Compounds containing an azo group (-N = N-) molecules structure are collectively referred to as “azo dyes”. Azo dyes almost distribute in all colour and they are widely used in textiles, clothing, leather products and household fabrics. When textiles, clothing and leather products are in direct contact with the human body, some types of azo dyes can mix with sweat and form carcinogenic aromatic amine compounds. Aromatic amine compounds can be absorbed by the human body and do great harm to it. However, most azo dyes are safe, and only a small number that can be reduced to more than 20 specified aromatic amines are forbidden. Currently, there are as many as 3 000 azo dyes in use.

The use of azo dyes is restricted in Europe by Annex XVII of the REACH regulation, which places requirements on the marketing and use of certain substances and mixtures in articles. The Chinese textile standard GB 18401 also restricts azo dyes. The Vietnam toy standard, QCVN 3:2009/BKHCN, restricts the migration of certain aromatic amine compounds originating from azo dyes in toys based on the European standard EN 71-9. The currently available test methods of azo dyes are ISO 14362-1, ISO 14362-3, ISO 17234-1, ISO 17234-2, EN 71-9, GB/T 17592, GB/T 23344, etc. Test instruments are mainly HPLC-DAD, HPLC-MS/MS and GC-MS.

• • 1. Formaldehyde

Formaldehyde has been identified as a carcinogenic and teratogenic substance by the World Health Organization. It is also irritating to skin and mucous membranes. Formaldehyde has been restricted for use in pushchairs and prams in Japan and Korea. It may be added to fabrics during processas an anti-shrinkage agent and to maintain the durability of printing and dyeing. In the manufacturing process of artificial leather, formaldehyde is not likely to be added.

Some countries have banned formaldehyde in fabrics or toys, e.g. GB 18401 in China, and EN 71-9 in Europe. For testing methods, JIS L 1041, GB/T 2912 and AATCC 112 are often used in Japan, China and the US, while ISO 14184-1 and ISO 14184-2 are the most widely adopted methods for fabrics.

• • 1. Flame retardants

In the past decade, the EU, Norway, the US, and some other countries have begun to ban several chlorinated flame retardants, brominated flame retardants and phosphorus flame retardants in toys electrical products and vehicle interiors, etc., because these chemicals are considered as carcinogenic, mutagenic or toxic for reproduction. Flame retardants may be used in fabrics and leather, as the are functional and are intentionally added to increase flame resistance. If there is no flammability requirement for a product, there is not generally a reason to intentionally add flame retardants. Baby walking frames are mainly operated and usually monitored by adults, so generally there is no flammable risk to children. Therefore, a self-declaration based on a manufacturer’s internal check is sufficient.

• 1. Raw materials

A raw material is an item that will be chemically/physically processed (mixed with other material, dried, hardened, treated with heat, subject to evaporation, etc.) during manufacturing of the finished product. Examples of raw materials are glue, ink, polymer resins, dye-stuff.

Raw materials can replace the finished product for testing, but manufacturers shall exercise due care in the proper management and control of all raw materials, component parts, subassemblies and finished goods for any factor that could affect the finished product’s compliance with all applicable rules. The manufacturer shall exercise due care that the manufacturing process does not add prohibited chemicals from untested sources, such as material hopper, regrind equipment or other equipment used in the assembly of the finished product. In addition, the manufacturing process should ensure that it does not influence the judgement of the applicable chemical requirements by material, e.g. it would not be appropriate to test solid nylon polymer if the nylon appears in the final toy as a nylon textile. If raw materials are adopted to replace the finished product in testing, they shall be consistent. Differences in test results between raw materials and finished goods can arise due to a number of causes, among which the most common ones are:

a) substitution of raw materials that occurs during production;

b) contamination of the raw material that occurs during production (e.g. spray guns contaminated by lead used to apply compliant paint, thereby rendering it noncompliant);

c) migration of elements and their compounds from a plasticized substrate to a surface coating.

• 1. Placed in the mouth

The term “placed in the mouth” means a portion of the baby walking frames that is able to be brought to the mouth by a child so that it can be sucked and chewed. If the portion can only be licked, it is not deemed able to be placed in the mouth. If one dimension of a portion is smaller than 5 cm, it can be placed in the mouth, e.g. surface of the tray.

Figure A.1 shows examples of what can be placed in the mouth.

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Figure A.1 — Examples of what can be placed in the mouth

• 1. Declaration of conformity document

The template of declaration of conformity document for flame retardants is given as an example and similar statements can be used.

DECLARATION of COMPLIANCE

By signing this document, < applicant name > certifies that the material < material description/ specification > has not been treated with flame retardant and conforms to the requirements of ISO XXXX-2023, Table 1.

Applicant: _____________________________________________________________________

Certified by: (signature, company stamp) _____________________________________

Date: ___________________________________________________________________________

1. 
   (informative)
   
   Further information on hazards
   1. Introduction

This informative Annex B has been included with the purpose of providing the rationales for the inclusion of some of the requirements given in this standard.

Where appropriate, relevant clause numbers in the standard are given in this annex and the relevant reference for the annex is given in the normative part of the standard.

• 1. Thermal hazards (see Clause 7)

The risk that a child using a baby walking frame could come close to or be in contact with a source of ignition is low. However, if the product should come close to, or be in contact with an ignition source, the carer shall be able to remove the child before injury occurs.

• 1. Mechanical hazards (see Clause 8)
     1. Entrapment hazards (see 8.1)

A hazard is recorded, when the child traps his finger within an opening and the circulation of blood is reduced.

These risks rise together with higher willingness of the child to explore his environment. Even when he is able to move by himself, the child might not always be able to remove his fingers from a potential hazard.

Reducing the dimensions as the depth of free openings and gaps could avoid any hazard. The shape is also to be considered for assessment of the risk: a bounded circular shape will cause reduction of blood circulation.

• • 1. Hazards due to moving parts (see 8.2)

Hazards from moving parts are related to products and rigid parts of products that move in use. A child’s finger could be crushed, cut or even severed if the fingers become trapped between parts of a product that move.

Compression points could exist if one component can move relative to another part reducing the separation between the components. This risk is more severe if parts move under loads such as body weight, component weight or the application of powered mechanisms.

Shearing hazards occur when two parts move relative to each other and act like scissors. This risk is more severe if parts move under loads such as body weight, component weight or the application of powered mechanisms.

• • 1. Strangulation hazards (see 8.5)

If cords, ribbons and narrow fabrics are sufficiently long to encircle a child’s neck there is a risk of strangulation. Loops which can pass over a child’s head also present a risk of strangulation.

• • 1. Choking and ingestion hazards (see 8.6)

Choking is a serious hazard which occurs when a child’s internal airways are blocked and its breathing is impeded so that air cannot pass into the lungs. Brain damage can occur as a result.

Ingestion hazards result from small components passing into the child’s digestive system, which could cause toxic contamination or an internal blockage or lacerations.

The requirements given limit the size of components on the baby walking frames that are either detachable or could be pulled off by the child.

• • 1. Suffocation hazards (see 8.7)

If a child’s external airways, mouth and nose are blocked simultaneously, air cannot pass into the child’s lungs and brain damage can occur.

• • 1. Hazardous edges, corners and protruding parts (see 8.8)

Sharp edges and protrusions on the baby walking frame could cause cuts, lacerations or abrasions to a child’s skin. Sharp points could puncture a child’s skin or eye.

• • 1. Hazards from inadequate structural integrity (see 8.9)

Any major failure of the structure of the baby walking frame could cause harm to the child.

• • 1. Hazards from inadequate stability (see 8.10)

Inadequate stability of the baby walking frame could cause it to tip over and cause harm to the child.

• • 1. Hazards due to falling down stairs (see 8.11)

In the past decades, where access to the stairs or steps was not prevented, accidents were reported involving children falling down stairs or steps in baby walking frames, causing serious injuries or even fatalities.

“y” determined based on the height adjustment position of the product at the time of the test of clause 8.11.2.2, 8.11.2.3.

In this ISO standard the requirements and test methods of EN 1273:2020 + Amd A1 have been incorporated.

1. 
   (normative)
   
   Test platform for tip over test

Key

Figure B.1 — Test platform for tip over test