ISO/DIS 18451-1

ISO/DIS 18451-1: Pigments, dyestuffs and extenders — Vocabulary — Part 1: General terms

ISO/DIS 18451-1:2026(en)

ISO/TC 256

Secretariat: DIN

Date: 2026-01-20

Pigments, dyestuffs and extenders — Vocabulary — Part 1: General terms

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Contents

Foreword iv

1 Scope 1

2 Normative references 1

3 Terms and definitions 1

Bibliography 19

Alphabetical index 20

Foreword

ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.

The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).

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This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 256, Pigments, dyestuffs and extenders.

This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition (ISO 18451-1:2019), which has been technically revised. The main changes compared to the previous edition are as follows:

— the definition for carbon black (3.13) has been revised;

— the definition for metal effect pigment (3.72) was expanded to include note 2 to entry;

— the definitions for ultramarine pigment (3.127) has been aligned with ISO 788;

— the terms adopted from ISO 4618 and ISO 80004-1 have been adapted to the current editions of the documents.

A list of all parts in the ISO 18451 series can be found on the ISO website.

Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.

In addition to text written in the official ISO languages (English, French or Russian), this document gives text in German. This text is published under the responsibility of the member body for Germany (DIN) and is given for information only. Only the text given in the official languages can be considered as ISO text.

Pigments, dyestuffs and extenders — Vocabulary — Part 1: General terms

1.0 Scope

This document defines terms that are used in the field of pigments, dyestuffs and extenders.

For some terms, reference is made to ISO 4618 in which also terms and definitions for colourants are given, relating to their use in coating materials.

2.0 Normative references

There are no normative references in this document.

3.0 Terms and definitions

ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:

— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https://www.iso.org/obp

— IEC Electropedia: available at https://www.electropedia.org/

3.1

abrasiveness

property of pigments (3.96) or extenders (3.34) and their preparations to cause wear at the used apparatus by mechanical action

3.2

aluminium pigment

pigment (3.96) consisting essentially of finely divided pure aluminium Al 99,5 % (mass fraction)

Note 1 to entry: The aluminium particles have lamellar form.

3.3

apparent density after tamping

ratio of mass to volume of a powder after compressing (e.g. by tamping or vibration) under specified conditions

3.4

barite

naturally occurring barium sulphate, BaSO₄

3.5

binder demand

amount of a binder or binder solution that is required to obtain, under specified dispersion conditions, a mass of defined rheology

3.6

bismuth vanadate pigment

yellow inorganic pigment (3.96) consisting of bismuth vanadate with or without isomorphous inclusion of bismuth molybdate

3.7

blanc fixe

synthetic barium sulphate, produced by a precipitation process

Note 1 to entry: Naturally occurring barium sulphate is called barite (3.4).

3.8

bleeding

migration (3.76) of a colourant (3.19) from a material into another material being in contact with it

3.9

blooming

migration (3.76) of a colourant (3.19) to the surface of the coloured material

3.10

cadmium pigment

inorganic coloured pigment consisting essentially of cadmium zinc sulphide (yellow pigments) or of mixed crystals of cadmium sulphide and cadmium selenide (red pigments)

3.11

calcined clay

calcined aluminium silicate

aluminium silicate (Al₂O₃ ⋅ 2SiO₂), lamellar, mainly amorphous in structure as determined by X-ray diffraction, produced from natural clay by thermal dehydration, consisting partly of cristalline mullite 3(Al₂O₃ ⋅ 2SiO₂)

3.12

Calcite terms

3.12.1

calcite

crystalline calcium carbonate

<mineralogy> calcium carbonate of trigonal crystal structure

3.12.2

calcite

crystalline calcium carbonate

<pigments> designation for extenders (3.34) produced from calcareous spar of marble or for precipitated calcitic calcium carbonates

3.13

carbon black

pigment (3.96) synthetically produced by thermally oxidative or thermal cracking of hydrocarbon-containing aromatic oils and gases

Note 1 to entry: It is distinguished between (unintentionally produced) soot and industrial carbon black.

Note 2 to entry: In case of sustainable carbon blacks the raw materials can be either recycled (pyrolysis oils of rubber or polymer goods), bio-circular (oils from plant-based waste) or bio-based (oils from plants).

3.14

ceramic decoration colour

preparation consisting of coloured or colourless glass powder and inorganic pigments (3.96) for coating of ceramics or glass by melting at temperatures above 450 °C

3.15

chalking

appearance of a loosely adherent fine powder (3.98) on the surface of a film or pigmented plastic arising from the degradation of the binder

3.16

chroma

difference of a colour (3.20) from an achromatic colour of the same lightness

3.17

chromium oxide pigment

inorganic coloured pigment consisting essentially of chromium (III) oxide (Cr₂O₃) in the form of a dry powder

3.18

CIC-pigment

coloured inorganic complex pigment

coloured pigment, rutile or spinell based, produced by replacement of titanium in the rutile lattice or aluminium or magnesium in the spinel lattice through other atoms

Note 1 to entry: Such pigments are incorrectly named mixed phase pigments.

3.19

colourant

generic term for all colouring substances

Note 1 to entry: Colourants comprise pigments (3.96) which are insoluble in the medium as well as dyestuffs (3.30) which are soluble in the medium.

Note 2 to entry: A colourant can contain the pure chemical substance and/or a surface treatment and/or additives.

Note 3 to entry: A colourant can also contain traces of impurities, which can originate from raw materials and/or the production processes.

Note 4 to entry: In order to improve application properties, a colourant can contain additives.

3.20

colour

sensation resulting from the visual perception of light of a given spectral composition by the human eye

Note 1 to entry: The use of the German word “Farbe” alone, i.e. not in combinations of words, for coating materials is depricated.

Note 2 to entry: A colour is characterized by hue (3.49), saturation (3.106) or chroma (3.16), and lightness (3.65).

Note 3 to entry: It is distinguished between chromatic and achromatic colours.

[SOURCE: ISO 4618:2023, 3.55, modified — Note 3 to entry has been added.]

3.21

colour difference

ΔE*

parameter of the perceived difference between two colours (3.20)

Note 1 to entry: The colour difference is defined by in the CIELAB colour space (see ISO/CIE 11664-4) or in the CIELUV colour space (see ISO/CIE 11664-5). For small colour differences between it is recommended to use the DIN99o formula (see DIN 6176) for industrial applications, because the CIELAB colour difference ΔE* is not visually uniform.

Note 2 to entry: Since differences in trichromatic colour measuring systems do not or only approximately correspond to the perception of colour difference, currently different equations are being used in order to calculate colour differences from tristimulus values (colour difference formulas). ISO/CIE 11664-4 and DIN 6176 recommend specific colour difference equations.

3.22

colour strength equivalent

reciprocal of the relative tinting strength (3.105) of a pigment (3.96)

Note 1 to entry: It indicates how many parts of a sample are colouristically equivalent to 100 parts of a reference sample. In other words, the colour strength equivalent of a weaker pigment (3.96) is greater than 100.

3.23

Compound terms

3.23.1

compound

<pigments> mixture of pigments (3.96) and/or extenders (3.34), ready for use

3.23.2

compound

<plastics> moulding material, ready for use, containing all the colourants (3.19), extenders (3.34) and additives

3.24

core pigment

pigment (3.96), the mostly inorganic core of which is enveloped with one or more (mostly inorganic) substances so that its optical properties are hardly affected by the material of the shell but its application properties are improved

3.25

corrosion-inhibiting pigment

anticorrosive pigment

pigment (3.96) that inhibits or avoids, in priming coats on metals, the corrosion of the metal surface, normally by chemical or physicochemical action

3.26

depth of shade

measure for the intensity of a colour perception that increases with increasing chroma (3.16) and decreases with increasing lightness (3.65)

Note 1 to entry: Colourations having the same depth of shade appear to be prepared using the same concentrations of colourants having the same tinting strength (3.122).

3.27

dispersibility

property of a pigment (3.96) or extender (3.34) characterized by its ability to be wetted, separated and distributed in a medium

Note 1 to entry: The dispersibility depends on its wettability and on the number and strength of the adhering areas between the components of the agglomerates (3.94.3).

Note 2 to entry: As a measure of the dispersibility under specified dispersion conditions, e.g. the speed of the tinting strength (3.122) development and/or the decrease of the fineness of grind (3.37) can be taken.

3.28

dispersing

separation of the agglomerates (3.94.3) of the pigment (3.96) or extender (3.34) powder into smaller particles [agglomerates (3.94.3), aggregates (3.94.2) and primary particles (3.94.1)] and their wetting by the medium at the same time

Note 1 to entry: Occasionally, separation of aggregates (3.94.2) and breaking, for example, of needle-shaped primary particles (3.94.1) also takes place. Furthermore, a statistically uniform distribution of the particles (3.94) formed in this way to all volume elements of the medium is a part of the dispersing process.

3.29

dolomite

natural calcium magnesium carbonate containing between 1,18 and 1,23 parts by mass of CaCO₃ to 1 part by mass of MgCO₃

3.30

dyestuff

colourant (3.19), soluble in the application medium

Note 1 to entry: Colourants (3.19) for glass, ceramics and vitreous enamel that are dissolved in the glass phase are also called “Lösungsfarben” in German language. In these cases, oxides of transition elements are used.

Note 2 to entry: In German usage, in the pharmaceutical and foodstuffs fields, the term “Farbstoff” is used as a synonym for “colourant”.

3.31

earth pigment

pigment (3.96) produced from earths, e.g. by classification, if necessary, with additional thermal treatment

3.32

effect pigment

platelet-like pigment (3.96) that confers not only colour (3.20) but additional properties such as iridescence (interference at thin layers), angle dependency of colour (colour travel, colour flop, light-dark flop), or texture

Note 1 to entry: See also metal effect pigment (3.72), nacreous pigment (3.78), and interference pigment (3.51).

3.33

electro chromic pigment

pigment (3.96) which changes its colour (3.20) depending on the electric current or the voltage

3.34

extender

material in granular or powder form, practically insoluble to somewhat soluble in the application medium and used to modify or influence certain physical properties

Note 1 to entry: The German terms “Extender”, “Extenderpigment”, “Pigmentextender” or “Verschnittmittel” should be avoided.

Note 2 to entry: Whether a given substance is to be considered as pigment (3.96) or extender depends on its application.

Note 3 to entry: In some industries, such as rubber industries, “extender” is also called “filler” (see ISO 1382). In coatings industries, the term “extender” is preferred, because in ISO 4618, “filler” is defined as “coating material with a high proportion of extender, intended primarily to even out irregularities in substrates to be painted and to improve surface appearance”.

3.35

fastness

stability of the colour (3.20)

Note 1 to entry: For characterization of the respective stress, the term fastness, e.g. of a coating, is used in word combinations such as light fastness, acid fastness, solvent fastness. The acid fastness, for example, of a coating is the stability of the colour (3.20) of the coating under the influence of acids.

3.36

final level of dispersion

level of dispersion (3.62) when it has become constant under the defined conditions

Note 1 to entry: The final level of dispersion of a pigment (3.96) depends on the binder system in which it is dispersed, on the dispersion process and on the composition of the milling base.

3.37

fineness of grind

measure for the largest solid particles in a liquid matrix

Note 1 to entry: The term fineness of grind is not to be confused with the term grain hardness.

3.38

floating

separation of one or more pigments (3.96) from a coloured coating material, causing streaks or areas of uneven colour (3.20) on the surface of the coating

[SOURCE: ISO 4618:2023, 3.123]

3.39

flooding

movement of pigment (3.96) particles in a liquid coating producing a colour (3.20) which, although uniform over the whole surface, is markedly different from that of the freshly applied wet film

Note 1 to entry: See leafing (3.61).

[SOURCE: ISO 4618:2023, 3.124]

3.40

food dyestuff

substance that gives colour (3.20) to a foodstuff or restores the colour of a foodstuff

3.41

full shade

colour (3.20) of a mass tone system (3.70) in optically infinite (hiding) layer

3.42

functional extender

extender (3.34), when applied in the application medium, processes or enhances specific functions due to its physical or chemical properties

Note 1 to entry: Examples for physical properties are: elasticity, durability, hardness, anti-fatigue.

3.43

functional pigment

pigment (3.96), when applied in the application medium, possesses specific functions due to its unique physical or chemical properties rather than only colouring

Note 1 to entry: Examples for specific functions are: UV absorption, electric properties such as conductivity, anti-corrosion properties, photocatalytic properties, function as barrier pigment, infrared absorption or infrared reflection.

3.44

goniochromatic pigment

effect pigment (3.32) showing an angle-depending colour change between different interference colours

3.45

heat stability

resistance to a heat treatment of the colour (3.20) of the test specimens under specified conditions of test

3.46

heavy-metal containing pigment

pigment (3.96) containing heavy metal(s) as constituent

Note 1 to entry: Heavy metals are all metals having a density greater than 4,5 g/cm³.

3.47

hiding power

ability of coating to obliterate the colour (3.20) or colour differences (3.21) of the substrate (3.115)

Note 1 to entry: The use of the German expressions “Deckkraft” und “Deckfähigkeit” should be avoided.

Note 2 to entry: The term “coverage” is ambiguous because it is used in some instances to refer to hiding power and in others to mean spreading rate. The more precise terms hiding power and spreading rate should always be used.

[SOURCE: ISO 4618:2023, 3.137]

3.48

hiding power value

numerical value of the hiding power (3.47), as determined using a defined method

3.49

hue

type of chroma (3.16) of a colour (3.20)

Note 1 to entry: The hue is designated in daily life by words such as red, yellow, green, blue, violet, etc.

3.50

inclusion pigment

pigment (3.96), the colouring component of which is included in a coat of high thermal and chemical resistance

Note 1 to entry: The coat renders it possible that the colouring component can be used at much higher temperatures. Furthermore, the resistance, e.g. to acids and alkalis, will be improved essentially.

3.51

interference pigment

pearlescent pigment

effect pigment (3.32), the effect of which is based completely or predominantly on the phenomenon of interference, e.g. pearlescent pigment, fire-coloured metal bronze

Note 1 to entry: Interference pigments can be coated with one or more layers.

3.52

intrinsic hardness

hardness of the primary particle of a pigment (3.96) or extender (3.34) as a property of the material

Note 1 to entry: Only indirect conclusions to the practically effective intrinsic hardness can be made, for example, from abrasion tests.

Note 2 to entry: In the case of inorganic pigments, the Mohs hardness is often given as a reference value for the intrinsic hardness.

3.53

iron blue pigment

pigment (3.96) formed by the reaction of iron salts with cyanoferrate(II) or cyanoferrate(III) ions and followed, if necessary, by treatment with oxidizing agents

3.54

iron oxide pigment

pigment (3.96) consisting of natural or synthetic iron oxides, if necessary, with additions of extenders

3.55

kaolinite

main constituent of natural clay (3.89)

3.56

lake

pigment (3.96) produced by precipitation of a dissolved organic dyestuff (3.30) with a precipitating agent

Note 1 to entry: Lake is not “Lack” as commonly used in German language but a colourant (3.19). In Austrian and Swiss usage, the German expression “Farblack” is not usual.

3.57

Lake pigment terms

3.57.1

lake pigment

<type 1> pigment (3.96) produced by precipitation of a sulphone or carbonic acid-containing azo dyestuff with one or more suitable metal salts

Note 1 to entry: Lake pigments predominantly contain metal cation magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium, aluminium or manganese.

3.57.2

lake pigment

<type 2> pigment (3.96) produced by precipitation of a basic dyestuff (3.30) with heteropoly acids

3.58

lead chromate pigment

yellow, orange or red pigment (3.96) consisting of lead chromate with or without lead sulphate and/or lead molybdate

Note 1 to entry: Designations in common use for lead chromate pigments are, for example, chrome yellow, molybdate orange and molybdate red.

3.59

lead chrome green pigment

inorganic pigment (3.96) produced from lead chromate pigments (3.58) and iron blue pigments (3.53) without additions of extenders (3.34) and other colourants (3.19)

3.60

lead chrome/phthalocyanine pigment

pigment (3.96) produced from lead chromate pigments (3.58) and phthalocyanine blue pigments without additions of other colourants (3.19)

3.61

leafing

flooding (3.39) of effect pigments (3.32) to the surface of a coating material shortly after application

[SOURCE: ISO 4618:2023, 3.147]

3.62

level of dispersion

extent to which pigment (3.96) particles have been separated, distributed and stabilized by milling in a binder system under defined conditions

3.63

light fastness

resistance to colour changes due to exposure to light, without direct atmospheric effects (therefore, not “weather resistance”)

Note 1 to entry: Light fastness commonly is evaluated by visual assessment using standard reference colour standards (or by instrumental assessment).

3.64

lightening power

ability of a pigment (3.96) to increase the lightness (3.65) of a coloured, grey or black medium

3.65

lightness

intensity of a light perception as it is inseparable connected with each colour perception

Note 1 to entry: Definition aligned to CIELAB.

3.66

lithopone^TM

white pigment obtained by combined precipitation of zinc sulphide (ZnS) and barium sulphate (BaSO4)

3.67

luminance factor

measure of the lightness (3.65) of surface colours (3.116)

Note 1 to entry: Generally, this luminance factor is 100 times the reflectance factor, R_v. Depending on the object and the measuring geometry 100 times the reflectance, ρ, or the transmittance factor, T, can be taken as the luminance factor. The luminance factor is connected with the tristimulus values by the luminance coefficients.

3.68

luminous pigment

pigment (3.96) that absorbs radiation and emits light (of higher wavelength)

Note 1 to entry: This effect is called luminescence.

Note 2 to entry: The optical effect is based on its ability to absorb radiation and to emit light of higher wavelength with temporal delay (phosphorescence) or without temporal delay (fluorescence).

3.69

mass tone

colour (3.20) of a mass tone system (3.70) in a non-hiding layer

3.70

mass tone system

pigmented system, containing one pigment (3.96) only

3.71

masterbatch

preparation which, in a solid polymer carrier, contains substances [colourants (3.19), extenders (3.34), additives] in much higher concentration than in the moulded component or semi-finished product to be produced using this preparation

Note 1 to entry: The substances are present either completely dispersed or dissolved.

3.72

metal effect pigment

platelet-like pigment (3.96) consisting of metal

Note 1 to entry: Metal effect pigments can be orientated in parallel and show then metallic gloss due to light reflection at the flakes.

Note 2 to entry: Metal effect pigments can have anti-corrosion effects.

3.73

metal pigment

pigment (3.96) consisting of metals or metal alloys

EXAMPLE Zinc dust pigment.

3.74

mica

alkali-containing hydrated aluminium silicates in lamellar form

EXAMPLE Muscovite, biotite and phlogopite.

Note 1 to entry: Not to be confused with micaceous iron oxide (3.75).

3.75

micaceous iron oxide

refined mineral or synthetic product consisting essentially of iron (III) oxide (Fe₂O₃)

Note 1 to entry: Micaceous iron oxide has lamellar form and is grey in colour (3.20) with metallic gloss.

3.76

migration

transfer of a colourant (3.19) from a medium coloured with it to the surface (blooming (3.9)) or into another medium (bleeding (3.8))

3.77

muscovite

natural lamellar hydrated potassium aluminium silicate

Note 1 to entry: Muscovite can be used as raw material for effect pigments (3.32).

3.78

nacreous pigment

gloss pigment (3.96) consisting of transparent flakes with high refractive index

Note 1 to entry: Nacreous pigments can be orientated in parallel and show then nacreous lustre as characterized by multiple reflection. Nacreous pigments that also show interference colours are also called pearl pigment or interference pigment (3.51).

3.79

nanodispersion

material in which nano-objects (3.82) are dispersed in a continuous phase of a different composition

[SOURCE: ISO 80004-1:2023, 3.1.18]

3.80

nano-emulsion

fluid nanodispersion (3.79) with at least one liquid nanophase

[SOURCE: ISO 80004-1:2023, 3.1.18.1]

3.81

nanoextender

extender (3.34) made of nano-objects (3.83)

Note 1 to entry: In some industries, such as rubber industries, “nanoextender” is also called “nanofiller”. In coatings industries, the term “nanoextender” is preferred because in ISO 4618, filler is defined as “coating material with a high proportion of extender, intended primarily to even out irregularities in substrates to be painted and to improve surface appearance”.

[SOURCE: ISO 4618:2023, 3.165, modified — Note 1 to entry has been added.]

3.82

nanomaterial

material with any external dimension in the nanoscale (3.86) or having internal structure or surface structure in the nanoscale

Note 1 to entry: See 3.1.8 to 3.1.10 for definitions of certain types of nanomaterial.

Note 2 to entry: The nanoform of a material is a nanomaterial.

[SOURCE: ISO 80004-1:2023, 3.1.4]

3.82.1

engineered nanomaterial

nanomaterial (3.82) designed for specific purpose or function

[SOURCE: ISO 80004-1:2023, 3.1.8]

3.82.2

manufactured nanomaterial

nanomaterial (3.82) intentionally produced to have selected properties or composition

[SOURCE: ISO 80004-1:2023, 3.1.9]

3.82.3

incidental nanomaterial

nanomaterial (3.82) generated as an unintentional by-product of a process

Note 1 to entry: The process includes manufacturing, biotechnological or other processes, including natural processes.

Note 2 to entry: Incidental nanomaterial is also used as a synonym for “ultrafine particle” in ISO/TR 27628:2007.

[SOURCE: ISO 80004-1:2023, 3.1.10]

3.83

nano-object

discrete piece of material with one, two or three external dimensions in the nanoscale (3.86)

[SOURCE: ISO 80004-1:2023, 3.1.5]

3.84

nanopigment

pigment (3.96), made of nano-objects (3.83)

[SOURCE: ISO 4618:2023, 3.169]

3.85

nanopowder

particulate material only composed of nano-objects (3.83)

Note 1 to entry: Nanopowder can include agglomerates (3.94.3) and/or aggregates (3.94.2) in the nanoscale (3.86) (largest dimension ≤ 100 nm).

3.86

nanoscale

length range approximately from 1 nm to 100 nm

[SOURCE: ISO 80004-1:2023, 3.1.1]

3.87

nanosuspension

fluid nanodispersion (3.79) where the dispersed phase is a solid

Note 1 to entry: The use of the term “nanosuspension” carries no implication regarding thermodynamic stability.

[SOURCE: ISO 80004-1:2023, 3.1.18.2]

3.88

natural calcium carbonate

calcium carbonate

calcium carbonate produced by beneficiation of geological deposits of chalk, calcareous spar or marble

3.89

natural clay

clay

natural hydrated aluminium silicate

natural occurring hydrated aluminium silicates with lamellar crystal structure, predominantly consisting of kaolinite of chemical composition Al₂O₃ ⋅ 2SiO₂ ⋅ 2H₂O ∣ Al₄((OH)₈/Si₄O₁₀)

Note 1 to entry: In common use, natural clay is also called china clay.

3.90

natural silica

natural ground quartz

ground quartz (3.101) consisting of the low-temperature modification of quartz with a theoretical density of 2,65 g/cm³

Note 1 to entry: Particularly fine ground natural quartz is called quartz powder.

3.91

near-infrared reflecting pigment

NIR reflecting pigment

pigment scattering near-infrared radiation in the wavelength range above the visible range up to 2 500 nm

Note 1 to entry: This spectral range comprises the non-visible part of the solar radiation (except UV).

Note 2 to entry: The term “IR-reflective” is mistakable and should be avoided because it also includes the mid infrared or “thermal” infrared. Many technical pigments, which are designed to be solar reflective, reflect near infrared but absorb mid infrared. The absorption of mid infrared is important for the emission of heat resulting from the incomplete reflection of solar radiation in the near infrared.

3.92

non leafing

enrichment of effect pigments (3.32) on the lower level of a freshly applied base coat

3.93

oil absorption value

quantity of refined linseed oil that is absorbed under defined conditions by a sample of pigment (3.96) or extender (3.34)

Note 1 to entry: The oil absorption value may be expressed either on a volume/mass basis or on a mass/mass basis.

[SOURCE: ISO 4618:2023, 3.177]

3.94

particle

distinguishable pigment (3.96) or extender (3.34) unit, which can have any structure

Note 1 to entry: Differentiations between the terms specified in 3.94.1 to 3.94.3 cannot always be formulated with a desired clarity in practice; often there are no clear distinctions. In Figures 1 to 3, the terms specified under 3.94.1 to 3.94.3 are being defined with the example of rectangular, spherical, rod-shaped, and irregularly shaped particles in a highly schematized way.

3.94.1

primary particle

single particle

means of appropriate physical procedures (e.g. by means of light microscope, electron microscope) recognizably as individual detectable particle

Note 1 to entry: See Figure 1.


a) Rectangular	b) Spherical	c) Rodshaped	d) Irregularly shaped

Key

1 coherently scattered grid areas (crystallites)

Figure 1 — Primary particles

Note 2 to entry: In special cases, a crystalline primary particle can be a single crystal or consist of several, with appropriate radiation (e.g. X-ray) definable, coherently scattered grid areas (crystallites).

3.94.2

aggregate

unit grown together of facially contiguous primary particles (3.94.1), which surface is smaller than the sum of surfaces of the primary particles

Note 1 to entry: See Figure 2.

Figure 2 — Aggregates

3.94.3

agglomerate

unit not grown together of primary particles (3.94.1) and/or aggregates (3.94.2) contiguous, e.g. on corners and edges, which total surface does not basically deviate from the sum of the single surfaces

Note 1 to entry: See Figure 3.

Figure 3 — Agglomerates

3.94.4

flocculate

in suspensions (e.g. in pigment binder systems) appearing agglomerate (3.94.3), which can be divided by means of low shear forces

3.95

particle size

geometrically measured value for the identification of spatial expansion of a particle (3.94)

3.96

pigment

colourant (3.19) consisting of particles (3.94), insoluble in the application medium (e.g. coating material or plastic)

Note 1 to entry: Pigments can be further described on the basis of their chemical composition, their optical or technical properties, e.g. inorganic pigment, organic pigment, coloured pigment, white pigment, effect pigment (3.32), corrosion-inhibiting pigment (3.25), magnetic pigment.

Note 2 to entry: Pigments for ceramics, glass and vitreous enamels are called stains.

Note 3 to entry: Whether a given substance is to be considered as pigment or extender (3.34) depends on its application.

3.97

pigment preparation

preparation in which at least one pigment (3.96) is dispersed in a carrier

EXAMPLE Mill paste.

Note 1 to entry: The carrier envelopes the pigment completely and is compatible with the intended application medium. The pigment is present at a higher concentration as is the case at the later application.

Note 2 to entry: The preparation can contain, for example, dispersing agents, extender (3.34), binder, plastic, solvent, plasticizer or their mixtures.

3.98

powder

quantity of single unbound particles (3.94)

Note 1 to entry: Unbound refers to non-covalent and/or non-ionic chemical bond.

3.99

precious-metal containing decoration colour

preparation consisting of precious metals and organic and inorganic metal and precious metal compounds

Note 1 to entry: A precious-metal containing decoration colour contains no glass powder or only small amounts of it.

Note 2 to entry: In contrast to ceramic decoration colours, precious-metal decoration colours are always supplied together with the application additives added. All application additives evaporate or burn during melting and are no longer detectable in the coating.

3.100

precipitated calcium carbonate

calcium carbonicum praecipitatum

CCP

synthetic calcium carbonate, consisting of trigonal crystals [such as those of calcite (3.12.1, 3.12.2)] or rhombic bipyramidal crystals (like those of aragonite) or vaterite or amorphous particles or mixtures of the modifications listed before

3.101

quartz

crystalline silica

Note 1 to entry: See also natural ground quartz (3.90).

3.102

reactive pigment

pigment (3.96) that in coatings reacts with the binder, the substrate or with agents penetrating from outside

EXAMPLE Corrosion protection pigment.

3.103

red lead

red orange-red corrosion-inhibiting pigment (3.25) consisting of lead orthoplumbate (Pb₃O₄) and lead (II) oxide (PbO)

3.104

relative scattering power

percentage ratio of the scattering index of the white pigment under test to the scattering index of a reference white pigment

3.105

relative tinting strength

relative colour strength

percentage ratio of the tinting strength (3.122) of the colourant (3.19) under test related to the tinting strength of a reference colourant

3.106

saturation

proportion of the chroma (3.16) to the lightness (3.65)

3.107

scattering power

ability of a pigmented medium to partly diffuse the incident light

3.108

shade

small chromatic amount of a near white or achromatic specimen by which the colour (3.20) of the specimen differs from ideal white or (ideal) achromatic

3.109

silica

silica obtained by wet-chemical and thermal or pyrogenic methods that is characterized as amorphous by X-ray or electron diffraction

3.110

specific surface area

absolute surface area of the sample divided by the sample mass

3.111

stability

ability of a material to resist against change of its properties when stressed or exposed

Note 1 to entry: Type and extent of the exposure as well as the change of properties are to be agreed.

3.112

stain

pigments for ceramics, glass and vitreous enamels

3.113

standard depth of shade

depth of shade (3.26) level laid down by convention

3.114

strontium chromate pigment

yellow inorganic pigment (3.96) produced from chromium(VI) and strontium compounds of the composition SrCrO_4, without additions of extenders (3.34) and organic colourants (3.19)

Note 1 to entry: Strontium chromate pigment is an active corrosion inhibiting pigment (3.25).

3.115

substrate

surface to which the coating material is applied or will be applied

[SOURCE: ISO 4618:2023, 3.245]

3.116

surface colour

colour (3.20) of a non-self-luminous object, i.e. of an object that requires an illuminating radiation to be seen

Note 1 to entry: The term should be used in this meaning only. Thus, surface colour is no colourant (3.19).

3.117

surface-coated pigment

pigment (3.96), the particles (3.94) of which are coated with additional materials

EXAMPLE Silica and aluminium oxide hydrate on titanium dioxide pigment.

3.118

surface-treated pigment

pigment (3.96), the surface of which has been treated chemically or physically

Note 1 to entry: The surface treatment influences the properties of the pigments

— during handling (e.g. with regard to dust formation) and/or

— during processing [e.g. dispersibility (3.27), storage stability] and/or

— the properties of the pigmented finished product [e.g. stability (3.111)].

3.119

talc

natural lamellar hydrated magnesium silicate

3.120

tamping volume

ratio of volume to mass of a powder after compressing (e.g. by tamping or vibration) under specified conditions

3.121

thermochromic pigment

pigment (3.96) the colour (3.20) of which can change depending on the temperature

Note 1 to entry: The colour change can be reversible or irreversible.

3.122

tinting strength

colour strength

measure of the ability of a colourant (3.19) to colour other materials because of its absorptive power

3.123

titanium dioxide pigment

white, inorganic material in powder form having a high refractive index, that contains at least 80 % TiO₂

Note 1 to entry: This pigment (3.95) is available under the anatase (type A) and rutile (type R) mineral forms.

3.124

toner

printing ink for electrostatic and digital printing processes

Note 1 to entry: In American English, the term toner is also used for organic pigments.

3.125

transparency

characteristic of a pigmented or unpigmented system to scatter light as little as possible

Note 1 to entry: Accordingly, when a coating material is applied on a black substrate, the colour change of the black substrate shall be as little as possible. The higher the transparency of the pigmented or unpigmented system, the smaller the colour difference to the black substrate.

Note 2 to entry: The term “lasure” is used as a synonym for “transparency”.

3.126

tribopigment

pigment (3.96) which, due to its pronounced tribo-electric properties, controls the polarity, height and constancy of the charge of toners (3.124) and tribo-electric powder coating materials

3.127

ultramarine pigment

inorganic pigments made from kaolin, sodium carbonate and sulfur, etc., by calcining at high temperature in closed kilns

[SOURCE: ISO 788:2021, 3.1]

3.128

wettability

property of pigments (3.96) and extenders (3.34) to form interfaces to liquid media

Note 1 to entry: In practice, the wettability is assessed by the speed with which the pigment powder (extender powder) is wetted by the liquid medium [see also dispersing (3.28)].

3.129

white lead

white inorganic reactive pigment (3.102) consisting of basic lead carbonate of the theoretical composition 2PbCO₃ · Pb(OH)₂

3.130

whiting

natural calcium carbonate derived from chalk, a sedimentary rock of soft texture originating from the Cretaceous period

Note 1 to entry: It is characterized by microcrystalline calcitic crystals (up to 1 µm across). Chalk is mainly formed from shells and skeletons of small maritime organisms, e.g. foraminifera and coccoliths. Residual shell fragments are an essential characteristic of chalk. The term “whiting” shall not be used to describe forms of naturally occurring or precipitated calcium carbonate other than chalk.

3.131

zinc dust pigment

pigment (3.96) produced by distillation and subsequent condensation of the vapour phase or by spraying of liquid zinc, and containing at least 94 % of metallic zinc

3.132

zinc oxide pigment

zinc white

white inorganic pigment (3.96) that is produced by a pyrogenic procedure from metallic zinc or other zinc-containing raw materials

Note 1 to entry: Characteristically is the zinc oxide content of at least 98,5 %.

3.133

zinc phosphate pigment

active corrosion-inhibiting pigment (3.25) consisting either predominantly of zinc phosphate dihydrate [Zn₃(PO₄)₂ ⋅ 2H₂O] or of a mixture of zinc phosphate dihydrate and zinc phosphate tetrahydrate [Zn₃(PO₄)₂ ⋅ 4H₂O] or predominantly of zinc phosphate tetrahydrate

3.134

zinc sulphide pigment

white pigment that is produced by wet-chemical methods

Note 1 to entry: Characteristically is a zinc sulphide content of at least 98 %.

Bibliography

[1] ISO 788:2021, Ultramarine pigments

[2] ISO 1382, Rubber — Vocabulary

[3] ISO 4618:2023, Paints and varnishes — Vocabulary

[4] ISO/CIE 11664‑4, Colorimetry — Part 4: CIE 1976 L*a*b* colour space

[5] ISO/CIE 11664‑5, Colorimetry — Part 5: CIE 1976 L*u*v* colour space and u', v' uniform chromaticity scale diagram

[6] ISO/TR 27628:2007, Workplace atmospheres — Ultrafine, nanoparticle and nano-structured aerosols — Inhalation exposure characterization and assessment

[7] ISO 80004‑1:2023, Nanotechnologies – Vocabulary — Part 1: Core vocabulary

[8] DIN 6176, Colorimetric determination of colour differences of object colours according to the DIN99o formula

Alphabetical index

abrasiveness 3.1

aggregate 3.94.2

agglomerate 3.94.3

aluminium pigment 3.2

anticorrosive pigment 3.25

apparent density after tamping 3.3

barite 3.4

binder demand 3.5

bismuth vanadate pigment 3.6

blanc fixe 3.7

bleeding 3.8

blooming 3.9

cadmium pigment 3.10

calcined aluminium silicate 3.11

calcined clay 3.11

calcite 3.12.1, 3.12.2

calcium carbonate 3.88

calcium carbonicum praecipitatum 3.100

carbon black 3.13

CCP 3.100

ceramic decoration colour 3.14

chalking 3.15

chroma 3.16

chromium oxide pigment 3.17

CIC-pigment 3.18

clay 3.89

Colour 3.21

Colourant 3.19

colour difference 3.21

colour strength 3.122

colour strength equivalent 3.22

coloured inorganic complex pigment 3.18

compound 3.23.1, 3.23.2

core pigment 3.24

corrosion-inhibiting pigment 3.25

crystalline calcium carbonate 3.12.1, 3.12.2

depth of shade 3.26

dispersibility 3.27

dispersing 3.28

dolomite 3.29

dyestuff 3.30

earth pigment 3.31

effect pigment 3.32

electro chromic pigment 3.33

engineered nanomaterial 3.82.1

extender 3.34

fastness 3.35

final level of dispersion 3.36

fineness of grind 3.37

floating 3.38

flocculate 3.94.4

flooding 3.39

food dyestuff 3.40

full shade 3.41

functional extender 3.42

functional pigment 3.43

goniochromatic pigment 3.44

heat stability 3.45

heavy-metal containing pigment 3.46

hiding power 3.47

hiding power value 3.48

hue 3.49

incidental nanomaterial 3.82.2

inclusion pigment 3.50

interference pigment 3.51

intrinsic hardness 3.52

iron blue pigment 3.53

iron oxide pigment 3.54

kaolinite 3.55

lake 3.56

lake pigment 3.57.1, 3.57.2

lead chromate pigment 3.58

lead chrome green pigment 3.59

lead chrome/phthalocyanine pigment 3.60

leafing 3.61

level of dispersion 3.62

light fastness 3.63

lightening power 3.64

lightness 3.65

lithopone^TM 3.66

luminance factor 3.67

luminous pigment 3.68

manufactured nanomaterial 3.82.3

mass tone 3.69

mass tone system 3.70

masterbatch 3.71

metal effect pigment 3.72

metal pigment 3.73

mica 3.74

micaceous iron oxide 3.75

migration 3.76

muscovite 3.77

nacreous pigment 3.78

nanodispersion 3.79

nano-emulsion 3.80

nanoextender 3.81

nanomaterial 3.82

nano-object 3.83

nanopigment 3.84

nanopowder 3.85

nanoscale 3.86

nanosuspension 3.87

natural calcium carbonate 3.88

natural clay 3.89

natural ground quartz 3.90

natural hydrated aluminium silicate 3.89

natural silica 3.90

near-infrared (NIR) reflecting pigment 3.91

non leafing 3.92

oil absorption value 3.93

particle 3.94

particle size 3.95

pearl pigment 3.51, 3.78

pigment 3.96

pigment preparation 3.97

powder 3.98

precious-metal containing decoration colour 3.99

precipitated calcium carbonate 3.100

quartz 3.101

reactive pigment 3.102

red lead 3.103

relative colour strength 3.105

relative scattering power 3.104

relative tinting strength 3.105

saturation 3.106

scattering power 3.107

SD 3.113

shade 3.108

silica 3.109

single particle 3.94.1

specific surface area 3.110

stability 3.111

stain 3.112

standard depth of shade 3.113

strontium chromate pigment 3.114

substrate 3.115

surface colour 3.116

surface-coated pigment 3.117

surface-treated pigment 3.118

talc 3.119

tamping volume 3.120

thermochromic pigment 3.121

tinting strength 3.122

titanium dioxide pigment 3.123

toner 3.124

transparency 3.125

tribopigment 3.126

ultramarine pigment 3.127

wettability 3.128

white lead 3.129

whiting 3.130

zinc dust pigment 3.131

zinc oxide pigment 3.132

zinc phosphate pigment 3.133

zinc sulphide pigment 3.134

zinc white 3.132

Table of Contents

1.0 Scope

2.0 Normative references

3.0 Terms and definitions