ISO/DIS 25411:2026(en)

ISO TC 17/SC 17/WG 23

Secretariat: SAC

Date: 2025-12-16

Carbon footprint accounting and reporting of non-parallel steel wire and cords for tyre reinforcement

© ISO 2026, Published in Switzerland

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Contents

Foreword v

Introduction vi

1 Scope 1

2 Normative references 1

3 Terms and definitions 1

4 Calculation and communication requirements 4

5 Methodological requirements 5

5.1 General 5

5.2 Functional unit or declared unit 5

5.3 System boundaries 5

5.3.1 General 5

5.4 Life cycle 8

6 Data and data quality 9

6.1 General 9

6.2 Cut-off criteria 10

6.3 Data collection 10

6.3.1 Data collection step 10

6.3.2 Acquisition of Emission factors 11

6.4 Calculation Methodology 11

6.4.1 General 11

6.4.2 Calculation methodology for system boundary of “from cradle to gate” 11

6.4.3 Calculation methodology for system boundary of "from gate to gate” 11

6.5 Data allocation 11

7 Reporting 12

7.1 General 12

7.2 CFP Study report information 12

8 Critical review 13

Bibliography 25

Foreword

ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.

The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).

Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).

Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not constitute an endorsement.

For an explanation on the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.

This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC17 [Steel], Subcommittee SC 17, [Steel wire rod and wire products].

Introduction

Carbon Footprint Accounting and Reporting of non-parallel steel wire and cords for tyre reinforcement is a technical standard to help steel wire and cords companies and LCA analysts.

It outlines a methodology to calculate cradle-to-gate product carbon footprints and this methodology can be brought into the market via partnering software companies to adheres to this document.

This document describes the methodology for the calculation of the steel wire and cord carbon footprint. Such methodologies are based on ISO14067:2018 for carbon footprint of products which builds on the principles and requirements of the ISO standards 14040:2006 and ISO 14044:2006 of life cycle assessment.

A critical factor in the understanding of the benefits of materials recycling is the quality of the materials and products that can be produced from the recycled materials. Where the recycled products can be made to the same inherent properties as those sourced from primary materials, this is described as closed loop cycling. Other LCA related guidance documents such as ISO 20915:2018(E) have been followed when making decision about allocation schemes.

Identification of patent holders, if any.

Carbon footprint accounting and reporting of non-parallel steel wire and cords for tyre reinforcement

This document specifies the methodology for calculating the carbon footprint specific to steel wire and cords and requirements for accounting and reporting carbon footprint of steel wire and cords used for tyre reinforcement.

The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.

ISO 6929:2013, Steel products — Vocabulary

ISO 14040:2006, Environmental management — Life cycle assessment — Principles and framework

ISO 14044:2006, Environmental management — Life cycle assessment — Requirements and guidelines

ISO 14067:2018, Greenhouse gases — Carbon footprint of products — Requirements and guidelines for quantification

ISO 20915:2018, Life cycle inventory calculation methodology for steel products

ISO 17832:2018, Non-parallel steel wire and cords for tyre reinforcement

For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 17832, ISO 14067, ISO 20915 apply.

ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:

— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https://www.iso.org/obp

— IEC Electropedia: available at https://www.electropedia.org/

3.1

Carbon footprint of a product (CFP)

sum of GHG emissions and GHG removals in steel wire and cords product system, expressed as CO₂ equivalents and based on a life cycle assessment using the single impact category of climate change

3.2

Partial carbon footprint for a product (PCFP)

Sum of GHG emissions and GHG removals of one or more selected process(es) in steel wire and cords product system, expressed as CO2 equivalents and based on the selected processes within the life cycle.

3.3

Steel cord product

Formed structure composed of one or more filaments when used as an end product, or a combination of strands or filaments and strands

[SOURCE: Refer with modification to ISO 17832]

3.4

Wire Rod

Hot-rolled long product having a nominal size generally of 5 mm or above and wound into irregular coils

Rod used for wire drawing purposes in coil form is generally named “wire rod”

[SOURCE: Refer to ISO 6929]

3.5

Steel cord manufacturing process

The standardized producing process of steel cord products covers raw materials, semi-finished products, and finally finished products.

The whole cord manufacturing process includes dry wire drawing, heat treatment and coating, wet wire drawing and cord formation.

3.6

Cord structure

Cord forming types composed of filaments or strands, which includes single-strand cord, M+N type cord, layer cord, multi-strand cord.

[SOURCE: Refer to ISO 17832]

3.7

Lay length

Axial distance required to make a 360° revolution of any element in a strand or in a cord.

[SOURCE: Refer to ISO 17832]

3.8

Linear Density

The weight of a meter-long steel cord product.

[SOURCE: Refer to ISO 17832]

3.9

Waste

Materials disposed of in landfills or incinerated, both internal and external to steel cord works.

3.10

Symbols list.

This document provides rules for calculating steel wire and cords product’s potential climate impact and cannot be used in isolation for specifying its overall environmental or sustainability characteristics. However, the carbon footprint may be included as one of several indicators in the evaluation of its overall environmental or sustainability characteristics.

Calculation and communication of carbon footprints shall be:

— Seen from an LCA perspective

— Seen in relation to functional units or a declared unit

— Iteratively approached

— Scientifically founded

— Relevant

— Complete

— Coherent

— Consistent

— Accurate

— Transparent

— Free of double counting

For further information linked to each of these principles, see ISO 14067:2018, Clause 5. A particular reference is made to the iterative characteristics of the LCA methodology.

The carbon footprint of steel wire and cords product shall be calculated in accordance with the established methodology for LCAs as described in ISO 14040 and ISO 14044, and in accordance with the methodology for calculating products’ carbon footprints in accordance with ISO 14067.

The functional unit or declared unit of steel wire and cords system shall be selected in accordance with the scope and the system boundary of the study.

The functional unit of steel wire and cords shall capture GHG emissions of all life cycle phases of the CFP and shall be expressed per kilogram of steel wire and cords product consumed by the final user.

The declared unit of steel wire and cords is more variable but nevertheless shall capture GHG emissions of the specific life cycle phases of the partial CFP under assessment and shall be expressed per kilogram of intermediate steel wire and cords product produced.

The carbon footprint may be stated to functional units or declared units as CO2 equivalent per kilogram of steel wire and cords.

The system boundaries determine which processes are included in the carbon footprint. Among other things, the system boundary defines which life cycle stages shall be included. The boundaries may comprise cradle-to-grave, cradle-to-gate or gate-to-gate perspectives.

If the intention is to communicate the carbon footprint to the public, the boundary shall be cradle-to-grave, including the entire value chain up to and including final consumption.

If the intention is communication to other participants, e.g. a tyre maker, a partial carbon footprint of the cradle-to-gate type may be acceptable.

For internal use or communication to other participants in the value chain, a partial carbon footprint of the gate-to-gate type may be used.

a) Figure 1 shows the system boundary for the carbon footprint of steel wire and cords product following cradle-to-grave, but the part of gate-to-grave is excluded in this document.

Figure 1 — System boundary for “cradle-to-grave”

b) Figure 2 shows the general system boundary for the carbon footprint of steel wire and cords product following cradle-to-gate system boundaries. The system boundary shall include all the production processes in steel wire and cords plant which includes dry wire drawing, heat treatment and coating, wet wire drawing and cord formation, and all the upstream processes which includes energy conversion, raw material mining, material preparation and transportation of materials to the steel cord site, and the internal and auxiliary processes of the steel cord plant and the whole process of transportation in steel cord plant.

Note:  

1. This document does not include the recycling of steel products after steel cord products shipped from the steel cord maker.

2. Gray arrows indicate optional route paths.

3. Dry wire drawing is abbreviated as DWD, heat treatment & coating is abbreviated as H&C, Wet wire drawing is abbreviated as WWD, will be applied in the following body and appendices.

Figure 2 — System boundary for “cradle-to-gate”

Table 1 — System boundary of cradle-to-gate product system

c) Figure 3 shows the general system boundaries for the carbon footprint of steel wire and cords product following gate-to-gate system boundary. The system boundary shall include all the processes in steel cord plant which includes manufacturing process from dry wire drawing, heat treatment and coating, wet wire drawing, and cord formation, the internal energy and auxiliary processes of the steel cord plant and the whole process of transportation in steel cord plant.

Note:  

1. This document does not include the recycling of steel products after steel cord products shipped from the steel cord maker.

2. Gray arrows indicate optional route paths.
Plants which do not have complete manufacturing processes have the obligation to obtain the CFP data for half product from their supplier, the calculation for half product CFP shall follow this document.

Figure 3 — System boundary for “from gate to gate”

Table 2 — System boundary of gate-to-gate product system

The life cycle of steel wire and cords product consists of raw materials production, steel cord product production, steel wire and cords usage, end of life and recycling stages of steel wire and cords product.

Raw materials production includes the manufacturing processes of wire rod and its raw materials.

Steel cord product production includes raw material processing processes to manufacturing processes such as dry wire drawing process, heat treatment and coating process, wet wire drawing process and cord formation process.

This document does not involve the usage, end of life, and recycling stage of steel wire and cords product, but it is recommended to consider the environmental impact of steel cord from usage and recycling stage of steel cord products.

The data requirement for steel wire and cords product carbon footprint is divided into primary data and secondary data.

Primary data is data collected from plants that evaluate the manufacturing process of a product, and data that goes back to the evaluated product system from other parts of the life cycle, for example, actual production and transportation data provided by contracted suppliers.

Secondary data can be data from commonly used data sources such as commercial databases and free data libraries, in the order of precedence as described in 6.1.2 secondary data. These data should meet specified data quality characteristics to ensure accuracy, completeness, representativeness, and consistency.

The manufacturing process is the core process for steel wire and cord, so the primary data shall be used

The primary data should be used for the upstream related data for steel wire and cord, where the primary data is impossible to access, secondary data should be used and the use of secondary data shall be justified in the documentation of the carbon footprint.

a) Accuracy: The energy and raw material consumption data shall come from the actual production records of the production unit. All site-specific data shall be converted into unit products, and relevant raw data, data sources, calculation processes, etc. need to be recorded in detail.

b) Representativeness: primary data for Wire rod, infrastructure and transportation shall be collected according to the production statistics within the determined range of the enterprise's production unit, and the period shall be at least 1 year and not exceed 3 years. Primary data for manufacturing process shall be collected as requirements of Annex A.

c) Completeness: Primary data shall be collected according to the principle of 6.2.

d) Consistency: When collecting site-specific data, the steel cord maker shall maintain the same data source, statistical method, processing rules, etc.

e) Time boundary: the temporal scope of the data used in this study shall cover a continuous 12-months period. This time frame is selected to ensure that the data reflect a full year of operational activity. Capturing seasonal variations and providing a representative annual average for the steel production system under the study.

a) Accuracy: secondary data shall be preferentially selected from the raw material suppliers of the evaluated enterprise that meet the requirements of ISO 14044:2006 and are independently verified by a third party in the upstream product life cycle assessment report. If not, public life cycle assessment data representing industry average level shall be preferred, and the reference period of the data shall be given priority to recent years, generally not exceeding 3 years.

b) Representativeness: The system boundary of the secondary data shall be from the extraction of resources until these raw materials or energy products leave the factory.

c) Completeness: The secondary data shall meet the cut-off criteria, such as: qualitatively cover at least 95 % of energy, material and overall environmental related flows,

d) Consistency: All selected secondary data shall be converted into a consistent list of substances before calculation. If the secondary data is updated, the carbon footprint report shall also be updated.

The following requirements is suitable for upstream process:

a) Primary data involving upstream processes in the supply chain under the direct management control of the organization shall be collected on-site.

b) If activities relate to significant suppliers of energy, raw materials, or auxiliary materials—defined as those contributing more than 1 % to the product’s total life cycle greenhouse gas emissions—primary data shall be obtained directly from the supplier. Supply chain transportation data shall be provided in terms of actual mode of transportation, distance and vehicle loading.

c) If primary data is missing, selected secondary data can be used.

There are many types of unit process data, and cut-off criteria shall be made for the data with the criteria as follows:

a) All energy inputs are listed.

b) All raw materials inputs are listed.

c) The auxiliary materials inputs which contribution less than 1 % of the PCFP can be excluded.

d) General solid waste which contribution less than 1 % of PCFP can be excluded.

e) The consumption and emissions of personnel and living facilities in the factory area can be excluded.

f) The cut-off criteria do not apply to toxic and hazardous substances, and any toxic and harmful materials and substances shall be included in the list.

g) The total contributions excluded based on the cut-off criterion cannot exceed 5 % of the PCFP.

Data collection scope shall cover each per process within system boundary, all data shall indicate the source.

The main step of the data collection includes the following items:

a) Preparation for data collection based on each process defined according to the accounting purposes and scope.

b) Collect the data based on the preparation.

c) Data review shall ensure accuracy by verifying data accuracy, completeness by verifying energy consumption, mass balance, and water balance for the manufacturing process in line with ISO 14044 and ISO 14067.

Activity data is multiplied by the corresponding emission factors to convert primary and secondary data into emissions and removal data.

Emission factor acquisition priorities are as follows:

a) Supplier specific emission factor verified or reviewed by internal or external expert who are independent of the PCFP calculation.

b) Industry average data that aligned with existing ISO standards, such as ISO14067, ISO 14044 and ISO 20915.

c) Publicly released database that comes from national inventories, calculated data, estimates or other representative data, validated by competent authorities.

d) Supplier specific emission factor.

e) Related literature.

After the data collection is completed, the list results shall be obtained for each manufacturing process and declared unit in the product system according to the calculation program. The calculation shall take a unified declared unit as the common basis for the material flow and energy flow in all units of the system and obtain all the input and output data in the system.

Two calculation methodologies are defined separately according to two different system boundaries.

Linear density of steel cord product shall be used as an important element for CFP calculation.

The PCFP calculation is determined by considering the wire rod PCFP data supplied by its supplier which shall be calculated according to ISO 20915 or other equivalent methodologies, the dry wire drawing processing, heat treatment and coating processing, wet wire drawing processing, cord formation processing and all transportation processing which PCFP data is collected by steel cord maker and calculated according to Annex B, table B.1.

The PCFP calculation is determined by considering the dry wire drawing processing, heat treatment and coating processing, wet wire drawing processing, cord formation processing, and all transportation processing which PCFP data is collected by steel cord maker and calculated according to Annex B, table B.2.

Allocation is necessary for processes that produce more than one product, and where it is impossible to divide up the process in order to be specific as to what is caused by the main product and the co-products respectively.

For manufacturing process if it is not possible to avoid allocation, the allocation shall be based on the running time of each product. Annex A specifies how to allocate the emission data based on running time. If allocation based on running time is difficult or impossible, allocation based on product volume can be used instead, provided its suitability is demonstrated.

For inbound transportation if it is not possible to avoid allocation, the allocation shall be based on the mass of each product. Annex G specifies how to allocate the emission data based on mass.

The purpose of the steel cord CFP study report is to describe the product CFP or PCFP and demonstrate that the provisions of this document have been met.

The declared unit of CFP or PCFP is expressed as kg CO2e with the meaning of kilograms of CO2 equivalent emissions per kilogram of steel wire and cord produced.

The results and conclusions of the product CFP assessment shall be recorded in the product CFP study report without bias.

The type and format of the product CFP study report shall be determined at the stage of defining the objectives and scope of the product CFP assessment.

The product CFP study report shall document the quantitative results of the assessment.

Results of the quantification of CFP shall be documented in the study report in mass of CO2e per declared unit.

The GHG values shall be documented separately in the CFP study report.

Along with the CFP study report, the required information shall be referred to ISO 14067 clause 7.3.:

For external communication: the following information shall be covered:

a) Products and the declared unit.

b) System boundaries.

c) Standards being referred.

d) LCA software and database and critical assumptions.

e) List of unit processes.

f) Data collection information, including data sources.

g) The selected cut-off criteria and cut-offs

h) the selected allocation procedures

i) Time-related coverage and geographic coverage.

j) Treatment of electricity, which should include the selection on the grid emission factor calculation and relevant grid specific constraints.

When carrying out critical review, ISO 14044:2016, clause 6, shall be followed.

1. 
   (Normative)
   
   Requirements for data measurement
   1. Wire Rod CFP measurement

CFP data for wire rods should be given by their suppliers once per year, specifying the product type, diameter, carbon content (C %), and recycled content.

CFP data for wire rod shall be calculated according to ISO 20915 or other equivalent methodologies.

Wire rod Supplier shall report the CFP data and the referred calculation method.

• 1. Energy category information collection requirements

All energy from Scope 1 and Scope 2 should be registered in table A.1

Table A.1 — Energy weighted emission factor

Weighted energy emission factor is calculated as formula [A.1]

(A.1)

• 1. Process measurement

The relevant variables for all processes shall be recorded according to Table A.2

Table A.2 — Relevant variables for all processes

The electricity for Dry Wire Drawing should be measured with at least 3 machines with minimum 15 minutes under the stable working conditions, the average power then to be divided by product mass to calculate DWD E, which is electricity intensity (kWh/ton), and be used for formula [E.3].

For example, the measured average power for dry wire drawing machine is 200 kWh, the product mass for dry wire drawing is 2 ton per hour, the DWD E is 100 kWh/ton. The same method shall be used for heat treatment and coating process, wet wire drawing and cord formation process to calculate H&C E (E.4), WWD E (E.5) and Cord E (E.6).

The other energy consumption including, but not limited to, nature gas and stream should be measured with minimum 8 hours under the stable working conditions, the average energy then to be divided by product mass to calculate energy intensity used in annex E. Additional measurement for heating consumption should be considered for environmental temperature variation.

If there is abnormal variation, a further investigation should be carried out and another measurement should be considered.

The use of theoretically calculated electricity consumption in kWh is permissible only if there is mutual agreement between the supplier and the customer. In such cases, the calculated values must be based on transparent and verifiable assumptions. To ensure consistency and data integrity, the sum of the theoretically calculated electricity consumption must be reconciled with the total electricity consumption recorded in the official utility bills or metering data provided by the utility company. Any discrepancies must be justified and documented.

• 1. The Running Time allocation

The RTP (running time percentage) for each Stock Keeping Unit (SKU) should be calculated as formula (A.2)

(A.2)

Utilities allocation of running time for each SKU should follow the table A.3

Table A.3 — Utilities allocation to each SKU

The running time for each SKU of process shall be calculated as the formula A.3 below:

(A.3)

Where,

1. X_DWDn: Running time for each SKUn in DWD process with unit hour;

2. a_DWDn: Product mass for each SKUn in DWD process with unit kg;

3. A_DWDn: Machine output for each SKUn in DWD process with unit kg/h;

The allocation for heat and coating process, wet wire drawing process and cord formation process is same as one for DWD.

If one utility is used for several processes, then the specific allocation for utilities shall be calculated as weighted average using running time as a weighting factor.

• 1. Utilities measurement

The relevant variables for utilities and its active data should be record according to Table A.4.

Table A.4 — Relevant variables for utilities

Only the energy resource from outside need to be recorded in table A.4.

The steel cord maker shall fill in the RTP and related energy active data in Table A.4 with the reference of Table A.3

The utility active data should be measured under at least consecutive 12 month or the time with an integer multiple of 12 and additional measurement should be considered when there are changes happened with utility related equipment and process.

• 1. others

The relevant variables for others and its active data should be measured according to Table A.5

Table A.5 — Relevant variables for others

1. 
   (Normative)
   
   Templates for calculating Carbon Footprint

Examples are given in table B.1, B.2.

Table B.1 — CFP calculating of the system “from cradle to gate”

Notes:  

1. Wire Rod CFP data (A) shall be allocated to each SKU of steel cord product according to the formula [C.1] and allocated to each SKU of steel cord products.

2. The CFP for manufacturing processes (B1, B2, B3, B4) shall be calculated according to formula [E.1] and allocated to each SKU of steel cord products.

3. The CFP for utility (C1, C2, C3, C4) shall be calculated according to formula [F.1] and allocated to each SKU of steel cord products.

4. The CFP for transportation (D) shall be calculated according to formula [G.1] and allocated to each SKU of steel cord products.

Table B.2 — CFP calculating of the system “from gate to gate”

Note:  

1. The CFP for manufacturing processes (B1, B2, B3, B4) shall be calculated according to formula [E.1] and allocated to each SKU of steel cord products.

2. The CFP for utility (C1, C2, C3, C4) shall be calculated according to formula [F.1] and allocated to each SKU of steel cord products.

1. 
   (Normative)
   
   Calculation of CFP for wire rod

The wire rod CFP for each SKU shall be calculated as formula below.

(C.1)

Where

CFP A is the carbon footprint for wire rod to each SKU

CFP A1 is the carbon footprint for specific wire rod to produce specific steel wire or strand

LDxn is the linear density of the strand xn, its calculation is described in annex D;

Yield ratio is the ratio of steel cord products per ton of wire rod.

1. 
   (Normative)
   
   Calculation of Linear Density of cord and strand
   1. Linear Density calculation

D.1.1 Linear Density for cord, which should refer to nominal product spec (ISO 17832: 2018)

LDcord = LDx1+LDx2+…+LDxn

D.1.2 Linear Density for each strand is calculated as formula below:

(D.1)

Where,

LDxn is the linear density of the strand xn;

dn is the diameter of filament for the strand xn;

N is number of filament dn for the strand xn;

Note:  

1. For layer cord, xn stand for the each layer of strand;

2. In DWD, H&C, WWD processes, MxN cord need transfer to be layer cord for energy calculation, xn stand for the layer of strand, e.g 3x7x0,20, transfer to be 3x0,20+3x6x0,20; 3x4x0,22 is no need to transfer as it is not layer cord, it can be calculated as 12x0,22 by N is 12 as the number of filaments.

3. In cord formation process, MXN cord, xn stand for the each step of cord formation process;

4. Lay length is ignored due to the minor impact on linear density.

1. 
   (Normative)
   
   Calculation of CFP for manufacturing processes

E.1 CFP for each SKU of steel cord product shall be calculated by formula (E.1):

[E.1]

Where

CFP B_cord is the all the carbon footprint from cord manufacturing process.

Bn is all the carbon footprint from different energy defined in Table B.1

CFP E cord shall be calculated by formula (E.2)

(E.2)

Emission factor is weighted energy emission factor and should come from Table A.1

Where

(E.3)

(E.4)

(E.5)

(E.6)

For MXN cord construction, use the following formula:

(E.7)

The calculation of CFP for nature gas, steam is same as for one for electricity.

1. 
   (Normative)
   
   CFP Calculation for Utility

CFP calculation for utility stands for utilities from cord manufacturing process.

The utility CFP for each SKU shall be calculated as formula [F.1].

(F.1)

Where,

CFP C_utility is carbon footprint from all utilities

n is the all the different utility defined in Table A.3.

(F.2)

Where

AD_e is the active data from a certain area defined in Table A.4.

RTP is the running time percentage of each SKU, which is calculated using formula A.2.

M_SKU is the product mass for each SKU

GWP_e is Global warming potential (GWP) for different energy.

1. 
   (Normative)
   
   CFP Calculation for Transportation

CFP Calculation for transportation stands for CFP of inbound transportation from suppliers to steel cord plant, which is calculated as formula below:

(G.1)

Where

M__WR is the mass of each wire rod used in one SKU with unit kg.

TD is transportation distance from wire rod supplier to warehouse of steel cord plants with unit km.

TT is the emission factor with unit kgCO₂e/t-km for different transportation type, which Including road transportation, water transportation, sea transportation, railway transportation, air transportation.

M__SKU is the product mass for each SKU with unit kg.

Bibliography

[1] ISO #####‑#, General title — Part #: Title of part

[2] ISO #####‑##:20##, General title — Part ##: Title of part