Contents Page

European foreword 4

1 Scope 5

2 Normative references 5

3 Terms and definitions 7

4 Requirements 8

4.1 General 8

4.2 Electrical requirements 9

4.3 Requirements relating to buildings/civil engineering works 9

5 Mounting categories 12

6 Labelling 15

7 Documentation and declaration of performance 15

7.1 Data sheet 15

7.2 EU Declaration of Conformity and Declaration of Performance 15

7.3 Further documentation 15

Annex A (normative) Specific requirements for BIPV modules per mounting category 16

A.1 General 16

A.2 Mechanical resistance and stability 16

A.3 Safety in case of fire 16

A.4 Hygiene, health and the environment 17

A.5 Safety and accessibility in use 17

A.6 Protection against noise 17

A.7 Energy economy and heat retention 17

A.8 Sustainable use of natural resources 18

Annex B (normative) Structural integrity 19

B.1 Introduction 19

B.2 Temperature effects on the glazing 19

B.2.1 General 19

B.2.2 Proposed default maximum temperatures of glazing configurations with integrated PV cells (summer case) 20

B.2.3 Proposed default minimum temperatures of glazing configurations with integrated PV cells (winter case) 22

B.2.4 Stiffness properties of interlayers 22

B.2.5 Other influencing factors in structural design 22

Annex C (normative) Determination of thermomechanical resistance to partial shading 24

C.1 Purpose 24

C.2 Shading effect 24

C.3 Procedure 24

C.3.1 General 24

C.3.2 Declaration that tempered glass complying with specified European product standards has been used 24

C.3.3 Simplified thermomechanical calculation 25

C.3.4 Testing 26

Annex D (normative) Further requirements related to impact resistance 31

Annex E (normative) Specific instructions for the reaction to fire classification of PV Modules according to EN 13501‑1 32

E.1 Scope 32

E.2 Introduction 32

E.3 Definition 32

E.4 Instructions for the reaction to fire classification tests of PV modules according EN 13823 32

E.4.1 General 32

E.4.2 Specific instructions for the reaction to fire classification tests according to EN 13823 of photovoltaic modules 34

E.4.3 Tests according to EN ISO 11925‑2 34

Annex F (informative) Example of Declaration of Conformity (according to the EN IEC 61730 series) and Declaration of Performance (according to EN 14449) 36

Bibliography 38

European foreword

This document (prEN 50583‑1:2026) has been prepared by CLC/TC 82 “Solar photovoltaic energy systems”.

This document is currently submitted to the Enquiry.

The following dates are proposed:

This document will supersede EN 50583‑1:2016.

prEN 50583‑1:2026 includes the following significant technical changes with respect to EN 50583‑1:2016:

— where the previous edition made a difference between PV-modules that contained one or more glass panes; or were based metal sheets; or were based polymeric waterproofing sheets; or were made from other materials, this edition is limited to PV-modules that contain at least one glass pane;

— where Table 2 contained examples for building integrated PV exclusively, is now contains examples for building integrated PV and PV in construction works;

— Annex B: Structural integrity has been added;

— Annex C: Determination of thermomechanical resistance to partial shading has been added;

— Annex D: Further requirements related to impact resistance has been added;

— Annex E: Specific instructions for the reaction to fire classification according to EN 13501-1 has been added;

— Annex F: Example for declaration of conformity and declaration of performance has been added.

This document is read in conjunction with EN 50583‑2:2016.

This document applies to photovoltaic modules that contain at least one glass pane and which are used as construction products. It focuses on the properties of these photovoltaic modules relevant to essential building requirements as specified in the European Construction Product Regulation (EU) 309/2011and the applicable electro-technical requirements as stated in the Low Voltage Directive 2014/35/EU.

The CE mark of building-integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) modules will thus state properties based on both documents as they are both equally applicable.

This document references international standards, technical reports and guidelines. For some mounting categories, in addition, national standards (or regulations) for building products can apply in individual countries, which are not explicitly referenced here and for which harmonized European Standards are not yet available.

The document is addressed to manufacturers, planners, system designers, installers, testing institutes and building authorities.

This document does not address concentrating or building-attached photovoltaic modules (BAPV).

This document addresses requirements on the PV modules. Separable mounting structures are within the scope of EN 50583‑2.

NOTE For the definition of building-attached photovoltaic modules (BAPV) refer to Clause 3.

The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.

EN 356, Glass in building - Security glazing - Testing and classification of resistance against manual attack

prEN 410:2024, Glass in building - Determination of luminous and solar characteristics of glazing

EN 572‑9, Glass in building - Basic soda lime silicate glass products - Part 9: Evaluation of conformity/Product standard

EN 673, Glass in building - Determination of thermal transmittance (U value) - Calculation method

EN 674, Glass in building - Determination of thermal transmittance (U value) - Guarded hot plate method

EN 675, Glass in building - Determination of thermal transmittance (U value) - Heat flow meter method

EN 1063, Glass in building - Security glazing - Testing and classification of resistance against bullet attack

EN 1096‑4, Glass in building - Coated glass - Part 4: Product standard

EN 1279‑5, Glass in building - Insulating glass units - Part 5: Product standard

EN 1863‑2, Glass in building - Heat strengthened soda lime silicate glass - Part 2: Evaluation of conformity/Product standard

EN 1990, Eurocode - Basis of structural and geotechnical design

EN 1991 (all parts), Eurocode 1 - Actions on structures

EN 1992 (all parts), Eurocode 2 - Design of concrete structures

EN 1993 (all parts), Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures

EN 1994 (all parts), Eurocode 4 - Design of composite steel and concrete structures

EN 1995 (all parts), Eurocode 5 - Design of timber structures

EN 1998 (all parts), Eurocode 4: - Design of structures for earthquake resistance

EN 1999 (all parts), Eurocode 9: Design of aluminium structures

EN 12150‑2, Glass in building - Thermally toughened soda lime silicate safety glass - Part 2: Evaluation of conformity/Product standard

EN 12337‑2, Glass in building - Chemically strengthened soda lime silicate glass - Part 2: Evaluation of conformity/Product standard

EN 12488, Glass in building - Glazing recommendations - Assembly principles for vertical and sloping glazing

EN 12519, Windows and pedestrian doors - Terminology

EN 12600, Glass in building - Pendulum test - Impact test method and classification for flat glass

EN 12758, Glass in building - Glazing and airborne sound insulation - Product descriptions, determination of properties and extension rules

EN 13022 (all parts), Glass in building - Structural sealant glazing

EN 13119, Curtain walling - Terminology

EN 13501‑1, Fire classification of construction products and building elements - Part 1: Classification using data from reaction to fire tests

EN 13501‑2, Fire classification of construction products and building elements - Part 2: Classification using data from fire resistance and/or smoke control tests, excluding ventilation services

EN 13541, Glass in building - Security glazing - Testing and classification of resistance against explosion pressure

EN 13823, Reaction to fire tests for building products - Building products excluding floorings exposed to the thermal attack by a single burning item

EN 13830, Curtain walling - Product standard

EN 14179 (all parts), Glass in building - Heat soaked thermally toughened soda lime silicate safety

EN 14351‑1, Windows and doors - Product standard, performance characteristics - Part 1: Windows and external pedestrian doorsets

EN 14449, Glass in building - Laminated glass and laminated safety glass - Evaluation of conformity/Product standard

EN 14500, Blinds and shutters - Thermal and visual comfort - Test and calculation methods

EN 15804:2012+A2:2019, Sustainability of construction works - Environmental product declarations - Core rules for the product category of construction products

EN 16612:2019, Glass in building - Determination of the lateral load resistance of glass panes by calculation

CEN/TS 19100-1, Design of glass structures - Part 1: Basis of design and materials

CEN/TS 19100-2, Design of glass structures - Part 2: Design of out-of-plane loaded glass components

CEN/TS 19100-3, Design of glass structures - Part 3: Design of in-plane loaded glass components and their mechanical joints

EN 50380, Marking and documentation requirements for Photovoltaic Modules

EN 61082‑1, Preparation of documents used in electrotechnology - Part 1: Rules (IEC 61082-1)

EN 62446‑1, Photovoltaic (PV) systems - Requirements for testing, documentation and maintenance - Part 1: Grid connected systems - Documentation, commissioning tests and inspection (IEC 62446-1)

EN ISO 11925‑2, Reaction to fire tests - Ignitability of products subjected to direct impingement of flame - Part 2: Single-flame source test

EN ISO 12543 (all parts), Glass in building - Laminated glass and laminated safety glass - Part 1: Vocabulary and description of component parts (ISO 12543-1)

EN ISO 52022‑3, Energy performance of buildings - Thermal, solar and daylight properties of building components and elements - Part 3: Detailed calculation method of the solar and daylight characteristics for solar protection devices combined with glazing (ISO 52022-3)

EN IEC 61730‑1, Photovoltaic (PV) module safety qualification - Part 1: Requirements for construction (IEC 61730‑1)

EN IEC 61730‑2, Photovoltaic (PV) module safety qualification - Part 2: Requirements for testing (IEC 61730-2)

EN IEC/IEEE 82079‑1, Preparation of information for use (instructions for use) of products - Part 1: Principles and general requirements (IEC/IEEE 82079-1)

EN IEC 60904‑9:2020, Photovoltaic devices - Part 9: Classification of solar simulator characteristics

ISO 15099, Thermal performance of windows, doors and shading devices — Detailed calculations

IEC/TS 61836, Solar photovoltaic energy systems - Terms, definitions and symbols

For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in EN 1990, EN ISO 12543 (all parts), EN 12519, EN 13119, IEC/TS 61836, EN 13022 (all parts), and the following apply.

NOTE Annex-specific definitions are included in the annexes themselves.

ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:

— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https://www.iso.org/obp/

— IEC Electropedia: available at https://www.electropedia.org/

3.1

Building-Integrated Photovoltaic module

BIPV module

photovoltaic module that is intended to be used as a construction product

Note 1 to entry: A photovoltaic module qualifies as construction product in case it meets one or more essential requirements as defined in the Construction Products Regulation (EU) 309/2011 and thus replaces a non-PV construction product.

Note 2 to entry: If the integrated PV module is dismounted (in the case of structurally bonded modules, dismounting includes the adjacent construction product), the PV module would have to be replaced by an appropriate construction product in order to maintain the building’s functionality.

Note3 to entry: Inherent electro-technical properties of PV alone, such as antenna function, power generation and/or electromagnetic shielding, etc., do not qualify PV modules to be building-integrated.

3.2

Building-Attached Photovoltaic Module

BAPV module

PV module that is mounted on a building envelope and does not fulfil the above criteria for building integration

Note 1 to entry: Negation: The integrity of the building functionality is independent of the existence of a building-attached photovoltaic module.

Note 2 to entry: Further important information on this type of photovoltaic system on roofs is provided by the Technical Report by CEN/TC 128/WG3 - Solar energy systems for roofs: Requirements for structural connections to solar panels. (see [19])

As electrical components, BIPV modules are subject to the applicable electro-technical requirements as stated in the Low Voltage Directive (LVD) 2014/35/EC or the corresponding CENELEC standards.

The essential requirements defined in the LVD 2014/35/EC are:

— protection against hazards arising from the electrical equipment;

— protection against hazards which may be caused by external influences on the electrical equipment.

As construction products, BIPV modules are subject to the Essential Requirements as specified in the European Construction Product Regulation (EU) 309/2011.

The essential requirements defined in the CPR (EU) 309/2011are:

— mechanical resistance and stability;

— safety in case of fire;

— hygiene, health and the environment;^[1]

— safety and accessibility in use;

— protection against noise;

— energy economy and heat retention;

— sustainable use of natural resources.

The BIPV modules shall comply with harmonized electrical standards EN IEC 61730‑1 and EN IEC 61730‑2 for photovoltaic module safety qualification.

— protection against hazards arising from the electrical equipment;

— Protection against hazards which may be caused by external influences on the electrical equipment.

The integration of a PV module, which already complies with the EN IEC 61730 series, into a construction product to create a BIPV module may change the electrical properties with respect to the original PV module. New evaluation of the BIPV module with respect to a basic requirement of the LVD is only necessary if an essential characteristic of the BIPV module needed to fulfil this basic requirement is changed with respect to the original PV module.

NOTE 1 IEC TS 62915 can be consulted with regard to retesting requirements which can be waived.

NOTE 2 Useful information is provided in IEC TS 63126.

In addition to naming the general requirements of the CPR (EU) 309/2011, this document classifies BIPV modules containing glass into five different categories depending on the intended mounting type (see Clause 5).

Specific normative references with the requirements on BIPV modules that are derived from the CPR are listed for each mounting category (see Annex A). These BIPV modules shall be according to the requirement stated in Annex A, Tables A.1 to A.7.

As construction products, BIPV modules shall be designed to withstand wind, snow and other applicable loads as well as to comply with other requirements set out in the following standards, technical specifications and their national application documents e.g. National Attachments:

— EN 1990 - Basis of structural design,

— EN 1991 (all parts) - Actions on structures,

— EN 1992 (all parts) - Design of concrete structures,

— EN 1993 (all parts) - Design of steel structures,

— EN 1994 (all parts) - Design of composite steel and concrete structures,

— EN 1995 (all parts) - Design of timber structures,

— EN 1998 (all parts) - Design of structures for earthquake resistance,

— EN 1999 (all parts) - Design of aluminium structures,

— CEN/TS 19100‑1, CEN/TS 19100‑2 and CEN/TS 19100‑3 - Design of glass structures,

— EN 16612 - Glass in building. Determination of the lateral load resistance of glass panes by calculation.

The procedures and the input data for structural design of BIPV modules are described in Annex B.

NOTE 1 Attention is drawn to national regulations that can specify additional requirements, depending on the mounting category.

If a BIPV module ex works already contains a frame or a support structure, its design and safety approval shall be performed according to the design codes for the respective materials, EN 12488 or their national equivalents, and EN 13022‑1. In the case of curtain walling, EN 13830 shall apply. In the case of windows, EN 14351‑1 shall apply.

NOTE 2 The integration of photovoltaics into an existing construction product to create a BIPV module necessarily changes the properties with respect to the original construction product. New evaluation of the BIPV module with respect to a basic requirement of the CPR (EU) 309/2011 is necessary only if an essential characteristic of the BIPV module needed to meet this basic requirement is changed with respect to the original construction product.

As stated in the scope, this document applies to BIPV modules which contain one or more glass panes. Since EN ISO 12543‑1 defines laminated glass as “an assembly consisting of one sheet of glass with one or more sheets of glass and/or plastic glazing sheet material joined together with one or more interlayers”, all PV modules that contain one or more glass panes are per definition “laminated glass” and shall comply with the product standard for laminated glass, EN 14449.

If PV laminated glass is a component of an insulating glass unit, the final product shall comply with the standard EN 1279‑5.

Each of the panes used shall comply with one or more of the following product standards / evaluation of conformity standards for glass in buildings, depending on its composition and/or its thermal treatment.

— EN 572‑9: Glass in building – Basic soda lime silicate glass products

— EN 1863‑2: Glass in building – Heat strengthened soda lime silicate glass

— EN 12150‑2: Glass in building – Thermally toughened soda lime silicate safety glass

— EN 1096‑4: Glass in building – Coated glass

— EN 14179 series: Glass in building - Heat soaked thermally toughened soda lime silicate safety glass

— EN 14449: Glass in building - Laminated glass and laminated safety glass

— EN 12337‑2: Glass in building - Chemically strengthened soda lime silicate glass

— EN 13022-1: Glass in building - Structural sealant glazing

— EN 1279‑5: Glass in building - Insulating glass units

Photovoltaics in buildings is often subject to partial shading, which can cause thermally induced glass breakage – either directly or due to hot spots. The module manufacturer has to minimize the risk of breakage by the module design itself and/or the specification of relevant restrictions on mounting (see Annex C).

Table 1 — General requirements for BIPV modules containing glass panes

Additional requirements on PV modules containing glass panes depend on their type of mounting. This document differentiates five categories - A to E - of mounting according to combinations of the following criteria:

NOTE BIPV modules in category E provide an essential function as defined in Clause 3 by providing an additional functional layer of the building, rather than being part of the primary building envelope.

A BIPV module is considered to be “not accessible from within the building” if another building product (represented by a dashed line in the pictograms in Table 2) is present, which among other functions prevents:

a) the interior surface of the PV module from being touched, and

b) large pieces (in case of breakage) falling onto adjacent accessible areas within the building.

“Not accessible” implies that safety-in-use hazards (e.g. electrical or mechanical hazards due to broken glass) are not present for people.

The definition of “sloped glazing” is derived from EN 13830 and is illustrated below (see Figure 1).

Key

1 vertical glazing

2 angle of glazing considered sloped (absolute slope > 15° from vertical)

3 angle of glazing considered non-sloped (absolute slope ≤ 15° from vertical

Expressed alternatively, “non-sloped” refers to the following angles:

75° ≤ angle ≤ 90° or 90° ≤ angle ≤ 105° from horizontal.

Figure 1 — Angle of glazing considered sloped and non-sloped as per EN 13830

Table 2 presents the five mounting categories for BIPV elements.

NOTE The value of the angle is given in EN 13830, unless the National Annex gives different values for use in a specific country.

Table 2 — Mounting categories A – E in buildings and civil engineering works

Category	Definition	Buildings	Civil engineering works explicitly includes pergolas, noise barriers, agricultural PV and car-park shelters.
Category A:	Sloped, roof-integrated, not accessible from within the building/underneath the civil engineering works
	The PV modules are mounted in the building envelope / civil engineering works at an angle to horizontal between 0° and 75° (see Figure 1) with a barrier underneath preventing large pieces of glass falling onto accessible areas below. In the case of civil engineering works, one alternative measure to prevent access in general is a fence which completely surrounds the civil engineering works.
Category B:	Sloped, roof-integrated, accessible from within the building/ underneath the civil engineering works
	The PV modules are mounted in the building envelope / civil engineering works at an angle to horizontal between 0° and 75° (see Figure 1) without any barrier layer underneath.
Category C:	Non-sloped (vertically) mounted not accessible from within the building/next to the civil engineering works
	The PV modules are mounted in the building envelope / civil engineering works at an angle to horizontal between and including both 75° and 90° (see Figure 1) with a barrier behind preventing large pieces of glass or persons falling to an adjacent lower area inside the building. In the case of civil engineering works, one alternative measure to prevent access in general is a fence which completely surrounds the civil engineering works.
Category D:	Non-sloped (vertically) mounted accessible from within the building/ next to the civil engineering works
	The PV modules are mounted in the building envelope / civil engineering works at an angle to horizontal between and including both 75° and 90° (see Figure 1) without any adjacent barrier layer
Category E:	Externally integrated, accessible or not accessible from within the building
	The PV modules are mounted onto the building and form an additional functional layer (as defined in Clause 3) exterior to its envelope (e.g. balconies, balustrades, shutters, awnings, louvres, brise soleil etc.)

NOTE The five categories do not indicate a qualitative ranking amongst mounting types but are merely used to differentiate and classify them. Bold lines represent the PV modules in their mounting configuration, dashed lines represent other building products that prevent access to the PV modules.

The BIPV module shall be labelled according to EN 50380 including the category of intended mounting as defined in Table 2.

The data sheet information for BIPV modules shall conform to EN 50380.

In addition, the data sheet for PV modules that contain glass panes shall state those categories, together with the title or pictogram as defined in Clause 5, for which the BIPV modules are intended to be used (categories A- E).

PV modules that are intended to be used as BIPV modules and that are compliant with the requirements defined in EN 50583‑1 shall state this fact either by title or pictogram as defined in Table 2, and shall indicate the categories for which the BIPV modules are intended to be used (categories A- E).

NOTE The LVD 2014/35/EU requires the EU Declaration of Conformity and the CPR (EU) 309/2011 requires a Declaration of Performance, a respective example is provided in Annex F.

The EU Declaration of Conformity shall reference the EN 50583‑1 standard. The Declaration of Performance shall reference the EN 14449 or EN 1279‑5 standard, whichever is applicable. Examples are provided in Annex E.

The documentation shall be prepared by following the guidelines given in EN 61082‑1 (diagrams) and EN IEC/IEEE 82079‑1 (instructions for use). Instructions for storage, handling, erection, fixation, operation, maintenance, dismounting and recycling of the BIPV modules are to be stated. The information required for system documentation as specified by EN 62446‑1 shall be provided.

1. 
   (normative)
   
   Specific requirements for BIPV modules per mounting category
   1. General

The following specific requirements per mounting category for BIPV modules are derived from the CPR (EU) 309/2011.

• 1. Mechanical resistance and stability

Annex B references standards and provides information relevant to the structural integrity of BIPV modules.

Annex C specifies a procedure to test the thermomechanical resistance of BIPV modules to partial shading.

Annex D documents further requirements related to impact resistance.

Table A.1 — Specific requirements for BIPV - Mechanical resistance and stability - per mounting category

• 1. Safety in case of fire

Reaction-to-fire properties shall be classified according to EN 13501‑1. Annex E documents specific instructions for the reaction to fire classification of PV modules according to EN 13501‑1.

On their own, the methods mentioned in the informative Annex B of EN IEC 61730‑2:2018 are not sufficient to classify the reaction to fire of construction products in the EU.

Table A.2 — Specific requirements for BIPV - Safety in case of fire - per mounting category

• 1. Hygiene, health and the environment

Table A.3 — Specific requirements for BIPV - Hygiene, health and the environment - per mounting category

• 1. Safety and accessibility in use

Table A.4 — Specific requirements for BIPV - Safety and accessibility in use - per mounting category

• 1. Protection against noise

Table A.5 — Specific requirements for BIPV - Protection against noise - per mounting category

• 1. Energy economy and heat retention

Table A.6 — Specific requirements for BIPV - Energy economy and heat retention - per mounting category

• 1. Sustainable use of natural resources

Table A.7 — Specific requirements for BIPV – Sustainability of natural resources – per mounting category

1. 
   (normative)
   
   Structural integrity
   1. Introduction

This annex covers the structural integrity of PV modules containing one or more glass panes.

Structural integrity of BIPV modules shall be verified according to EN 16612, CEN/TS 19100 (all parts) or their national equivalents, in order to address the basis of design, materials, durability and construction rules for the structural design of glass components.

Mechanical loads on BIPV modules shall be determined according to EN 1990, EN 1991 (all parts), EN 16612 and CEN/TS 19100 (all parts). These address the loads caused by wind, snow, use, maintenance and cavity pressure variation caused by the difference between the conditions during production of insulating glass units and conditions during their transport and installation (altitude difference, barometric pressure difference and temperature difference). These loads are combined using combination factors defined in EN 1990, EN 16612, CEN/TS 19100‑1 or their national equivalents. This allows several load cases to be defined, where the permanent loads and one dominant variable load are applied in the full magnitude, while the accompanying variable loads are present only partially.

National regulations can require additional calculations or tests of unbroken or broken glass units under static and/or dynamic loads, e.g. to verify residual load-bearing capacity or fall-through prevention.

NOTE Depending on the BIPV module configuration and mounting category, these regulations can apply when one, several or all glass panes are broken.

• 1. Temperature effects on the glazing
     1. General

In insulating glass units containing PV cells, the influence of the (solar) energy absorption by photovoltaic cells in the open circuit condition shall be taken into account to determine the temperature of the gas in the hermetically sealed cavity.
This temperature shall be used for calculation of cavity pressure variation.

If not specified by national regulation, the temperature in the cavity of insulating glass units should be determined, taking into account the glazing configuration, dimensions, location, altitude, orientation, etc. For categories A to D, the temperatures shall be calculated according to ISO 15099 and according to EN ISO 52022‑3 for category E.

When exact temperatures cannot be calculated, the temperatures indicated in the Tables B.1 to B.8 shall be used. However, these values are not applicable for glazing in a construction, in which there are elements that prevent natural ventilation of the entire glass surfaces (e.g. internal shading devices, glazing in spandrel units, etc.).

To determine the cavity pressure variation caused by the temperature increase, the temperature during production can be set to 20 °C in the calculation, unless a different value is specified in a national regulation.

• • 1. Proposed default maximum temperatures of glazing configurations with integrated PV cells (summer case)

Table B.1 — Temperature of BIPV laminated glass in vertical orientation

Table B.2 — Temperature of BIPV laminated glass in horizontal orientation

Table B.3 — Temperature of double-glazed BIPV units in vertical orientation

Table B.4 — Temperature of double-glazed BIPV units in horizontal orientation

Table B.5 — Temperature of triple-glazed BIPV units in vertical orientation

Table B.6 — Temperature of triple-glazed BIPV units in horizontal orientation

NOTE 1 Temperatures in Tables B1 to B6 are calculated for open circuit conditions according to ISO 15099 and using the following boundary conditions: external air temperature 40 °C, internal air temperature 27 °C, solar radiation on horizontal glazing 1 100 W/m², solar radiation on vertical glazing 783 W/m². Temperatures for double-glazed units are valid for configurations with a low-e coating (normal emissivity 3 %) and a 16 mm cavity 90 % filled with argon. For triple-glazed units, there are low-e coatings on the middle and inner glass panes (only one coating in one cavity). Both cavities are 16 mm wide.

NOTE 2 The high temperature in spandrels can negatively impact the cavity pressure variation, the durability of BIPV components and the durability of insulating glass units. Additionally, the reflectance from other surfaces can be taken into account when calculating surface temperatures and the temperature of the gas in the cavity. Internal shading devices can cause an additional temperature increase in the glazing cavity and components.

NOTE 3 In this European standard, the assumptions that are relevant to the European climatic conditions and the specific BIPV applications are clearly specified. IEC TS 63126 addresses maximum temperature levels that are intended to be valid for the entire world.

• • 1. Proposed default minimum temperatures of glazing configurations with integrated PV cells (winter case)

Table B.7 — Temperature of BIPV units in vertical orientation

Table B.8 — Temperature of BIPV units in horizontal orientation

NOTE 1 Temperatures in Tables B7 and B8 are calculated under open circuit conditions according to ISO 15099 and using the following boundary conditions: external air temperature −18 °C, internal air temperature 21 °C and zero solar radiation. Temperatures for double-glazed units are valid for configurations with a low-e coating (normal emissivity 3 %) and a 16 mm cavity 90 % filled with argon. For triple-glazed units, there are low-e coatings on the middle and inner glass panes (only one coating in one cavity). Both cavities are 16 mm wide.

NOTE 2 Values are from the NFRC default conditions for winter and summer (ASHRAE) in WINDOW.

NOTE 3 Temperatures of glazing components can be lower, when a building is unheated.

• • 1. Stiffness properties of interlayers

The stiffness properties of laminated glass interlayers used in structural analysis should be determined according to EN 16613. When data are not available, level 1 of interlayer modelling according to CEN/TS 19100‑1:2021 Table 7.1 can be used.

When selecting the stiffness properties of the interlayer, the temperature of the glass and the duration of the load are the most important factors. Indicative durations and temperature ranges for different load cases can be found in Table D.2 of EN 16612:2019 or in national documents. When using Table D.2 of EN 16612:2019, for wind load, a duration of 3 s should be used for interlayer stiffness properties, according to EN 16613.

NOTE When climatic loads such as wind and snow are largest, the air temperature and solar radiation are relatively low. In such cases, the interlayer stiffness properties of the interlayer of laminated glass at the maximum temperature are not relevant. Therefore, Table D.2 of EN 16612:2019 remains valid also for glass with high solar absorptance.

• • 1. Other influencing factors in structural design

In order to enable electrical installation, glass units with integrated PV cells may have holes in glass panes. In structural analysis, the effect of the holes should be taken into account by using a stress concentration factor (2 to 3) on the calculated stress, when using analytical methods. If holes are modelled in finite-element calculations, the stress concentration factor is not applicable. (see [20])

Only glass that has been thermally toughened according to EN 12150‑2 can be used for BIPV modules with holes, unless another glass type has been proven to be fit for purpose. The hole edges, diameters and the positions shall conform to EN 12150‑2. The edge processing for heat-treated glass with holes should be at least arrissed, both for the hole edges and the straight edges.

If the holes are intended to be used for attaching the glazing into a metal supporting structure, this fact should be taken into account in structural analysis.

1. 
   (normative)
   
   Determination of thermomechanical resistance to partial shading
   1. Purpose

Photovoltaic modules (PV modules) that are intended for integration into buildings, conventionally referred to as “Building-integrated photovoltaic modules” (BIPV modules), are often much more likely to be shaded than in other applications.

The risk of shading-induced glass breakage is not sufficiently covered by the hot spot test of EN IEC 61215‑2 (MQT 09). Thus, one of the following procedures to determine the thermomechanical resistance to partial shading shall be included in the test scenario for BIPV modules. (see [21])

• 1. Shading effect

Inhomogeneous irradiation over the solar active area – conventionally referred to as shading or partial shading – of PV modules results in local differences in thermal expansion of the laminated glass. The shaded and thus cooler areas expand less than the hotter areas exposed to high irradiance. The different expansion induced by the temperature difference causes a local tensile stress that may result in glass breakage. The cause of glass breakage is therefore not the absolute magnitude of the temperature itself but the local temperature difference caused by the inhomogeneous irradiance.

• 1. Procedure
     1. General

The thermomechanical resistance to partial shading for the declaration of performance (DoP according to EN 50583‑1) can be determined in the following three different ways:

— by declaration;

— by calculation;

— by testing.

• • 1. Declaration that tempered glass complying with specified European product standards has been used

The manufacturer of the BIPV modules declares that each of the glass panes utilized in the BIPV module is exclusively made from either:

— thermally toughened soda lime silicate safety glass; or

— heat- soaked thermally toughened soda lime silicate safety glass; or

— heat- strengthened soda lime silicate glass;

according to EN 12150‑2, EN 14179‑2 or EN 1863‑2, respectively.

The respective glass panes are required to carry a marking as defined in the product standards referenced

above, identifying and specifying their glass type.

The manufacturer furthermore declares that during the manufacturing process of the BIPV modules, no temperature above 250 °C has been reached which could possibly result in a reduction of the characteristic bending strength.

• • 1. Simplified thermomechanical calculation

The DoP by simplified thermomechanical calculation describes the photovoltaic module as a 2D plate which has the material properties of glass but locally different absorption coefficients to account for the absorption of the solar cells. The 2D plate is described by three areas (see Figure C.1) in which:

— area 1 represents the area of the PV module that is covered by a shadow;

— area 2 represents the area of the module not covered by solar cells;

— area 3 represents the area of the module covered by solar cells.

The shaded area 1 shall be divided into two triangular areas with the corner points at A) the centre of the longer glass edge, B) at the centre of the shorter glass edge and C) the adjacent corner of the glass pane.

The two shaded triangular areas shall meet at the centre of the shorter glass edge, as illustrated in Figure C.1.

The model shall be created using suitable Finite Element Method (FEM) software. Ideally, this software can couple thermal and mechanical models. Alternatively, the temperature distribution can first be determined in a thermal simulation and then transferred to a mechanical simulation. It is important that the temperature gradients are transferred correctly so that no temperature steps with infinite temperature gradients occur which would lead to excessive stress exaggeration.

Figure C.1 — Geometry to be mapped with the three absorption zones in the thermal model and the boundary conditions in the mechanical model

The following steps are needed to set up the FEM model:

1. Model description

a. Geometry

The PV module is described as a plate with the edge lengths of the BIPV module. The total thickness of the BIPV module should be used as the thickness of the plate.

The shadow geometry and the solar cells shall be mapped as separate areas.

b. Mesh

The suitability of the mesh shall be checked by means of a mesh sensitivity study.

c. Thermal boundary conditions

i. Ambient temperature is kept constant at −10 °C.

ii. Combined effective heat transfer coefficients are used:

iii. Glass surface: 10,5 W/m²

iv. Glass edges: 4 W/m²

d. Boundary conditions for irradiance

i. Area 1: no irradiance

ii. Area 2: 1 000 W/m²irradiance

iii. Area 3: 1 000 W/m² irradiance

e. Boundary conditions for absorption

i. Area 2: 5 % absorption

ii. Area 3: 95 % absorption

f. Mechanical conditions

i. A planar stress approach should be used.

ii. The displacement in both spatial directions is suppressed for one vertex. The neighbouring vertex along the longer edge is prevented from moving towards the shorter edge, see Figure C.1.

2. Evaluation of results

The evaluation is based on the maximum values of the temperature and the first principal stress. In addition, the values at the shadow boundaries should be determined and used for the evaluation.

The criterion for a DoP by simplified thermomechanical calculation has been fulfilled if the numbers determined by calculation are smaller than the values for characteristic bending strength of the glass being used given in EN 12150‑2 or EN 14179‑2 or EN 1863‑2.

• • 1. Testing
       1. Apparatus

The apparatus used to test the thermomechanical resistance to partial shading consists of the following five major components:

1) climatic chamber

2) light source(s)

3) shading device

4) mounting device(s)

5) measuring equipment

Figures C.2 and C.3 show the configuration of these components in schematic top and plan views.

Figure C.2 — Schematic top view of the configuration for climatic chamber, light source, shading device, mounting structure, measuring equipment and test specimen

Figure C.3 — Schematic vertical plan view of the configuration for climatic chamber, mounting device(s), measuring equipment and test specimen

• • • 1. The climatic chamber

The climatic chamber shall be equipped to provide:

— a continuously constant ambient temperature of −20 °C to +45 °C;

— a continuous air flow in front of the test specimen that results in a heat transfer of

α = 12 W/(m²K);

— a continuous air flow at the back of the test specimen that results in a heat transfer

α = 4 W/(m²K)

• • • 1. The light source

The light source shall provide a steady-state irradiance of 1 000 W/m² in the plane of the modules to be tested. The deviation in homogeneity of the irradiance shall be less than 10 %. The light spectrum shall comply with EN IEC 60904‑9:2020, class C with regard to spectral mismatch.

• • • 1. The shading device

The shading device shall be made of a stainless steel sheet.

• • • 1. The mounting device

The mounting device shall be made from materials - e.g. wood, stone, metal - that can withstand the high irradiance without deformation. The mounting device is required to bear the weight of the two specimens. Furthermore, it is required to serve as the support structure for the mounting clamps, rigs or bars that are used to mount the PV modules onto support structures.

• • • 1. The measuring equipment

The measuring equipment shall consist of:

— an irradiance sensor mounted in the plane of the tested PV modules;

— a minimum of six temperature sensors to be installed on the back of the tested PV modules (x in Figure C.4);

— a minimum of two temperature sensors to verify continuously constant ambient temperature in the chamber (t in Figure C.4);

— two wind speed sensors to be installed in front of and behind the lower edge of the lower tested PV module (w in Figure C.4).

• • • 1. Initial inspection

The two specimens shall be inspected visually from the front and the back for damage to the glass surface and the glass edges. Defects that are determined shall be documented by photographs and their location shall be noted. The observations found shall be compared to the module specification provided by the manufacturer. Only modules that show defects within the specified tolerances shall be tested.

• • • 1. Procedure

1 The two specimens to be tested are equipped on their back surface with six sensors for temperature measurement. The locations of the sensors are as indicated in Figure C.4:

— in the centre of the PV module;

— in the middle of the triangular shaded areas (top area for the upper PV module and bottom area for the lower PV module);

— in the horizontal plane where the two shading areas meet, 5 cm from the glass edge.

2 Two test specimens are mounted above each other on the mounting devices of the test chamber following the mounting instructions of the manufacturer.

3 The two test specimens are not connected electrically. Thus, they are operated under open circuit conditions.

4 The shading devices are installed such that they cause a double-diagonal shadow on each of the PV modules (see Figure C.4) to be tested. The corners of the shaded areas are defined by the glass corner, the centre of the longer glass edge and the centre of the shorter glass edge. The area of each triangular shadow is then 1/8 of the PV module area.

The resulting angle of the double-diagonal shadow on the shorter glass edge therefore depends on the length-to-width ratio of the tested PV module.

Figure C.4 — Schematic vertical plan view of the configuration of climatic chamber, mounting device(s), measuring equipment and test specimen

The climatic chamber is cooled down to −15 °C until the temperature of the PV modules reaches −15 °C ± 0,5 °C, as measured in the centre of each glass unit.

• • • 1. Final inspection

The two specimens shall be inspected visually from the front and back for damage to the glass surface and the glass edge. Defects that are determined shall be documented by photographs and their location shall be noted. The observations found shall be compared to the defects determined during the initial inspection.

The light source is turned on. The duration of the light exposure is determined by the temperature measured in the centre of the upper glass unit. The testing time will start when the change of temperature is smaller than 1 K within a period of 5 min.

The illumination duration is terminated by turning off the light source 30 min after the testing time started.

The test procedure is finished after the tested specimens reach their initial temperature ± 1,0 °C.

• • • 1. Requirements

Pass criteria: None of the tested specimen shall show either glass breakage or an increase of defects compared to those initially identified.

• • • 1. Documentation

The documentation of this test procedure shall contain the following:

— name of the institute that carried out the test;

— name of the person who carried out the test;

— module type and composition;

— date and time the modules were tested;

— serial numbers of the modules tested;

— temperature profiles obtained during the testing sequence;

— images and location of the defects determined during initial inspection (if found);

— images and location of the defects determined during final inspection (if found).

1. 
   (normative)
   
   Further requirements related to impact resistance

According to “Safety in Use” requirements in applicable existing standards, BIPV systems including glazed components are tested for impact resistance to:

— verify the Fracture Limit State by testing, as described in CEN/TS 19100‑2:2021, 4.2.2, either on the original (as built) or on an appropriate specimen

— be classified according to EN 14019 for curtain walls, EN 13049 for windows and European Assessment Document (EAD) EAD 090010‑00‑0404 for Bonded Glazing Kits by using the test method and classification defined by EN 12600;

— be classified according to EADs for other construction kits, such as EAD 040914‑00‑0404 for venture kits or other existing products.

In addition, the following aspects should be also considered:

a. control and documentation of the temperature of the test specimen during the impact point test, at both high and low relevant values, in order to evaluate possible effects of impact on solar cells due to the interlayer viscoelastic properties, if relevant for the limit state investigated.

b. Additional requirements for verification of Post Fracture Limit States by testing, as described in CEN/TS 19100‑2:2021, 4.3.2 part (2), shall include the evaluation of electrical safety to prevent electric shock and hazards after breakage with reference to the EN IEC 61730 series. The reference to a continuity test of equipotential bonding (MST13) can be considered if relevant for mechanical connections providing mechanical stability and electrical functionality of the BIPV module. Further reference to the insulation test (MST16) and the wet leakage current test (MST 17) can be considered if relevant for evaluating the electrical insulation of the product after breakage. Further qualitative acceptance criteria for electrical parts as a consequence of the impact, to be detected by electroluminescence analysis, are recommended to assess potential failures affecting solar cells.

National Annexes can specify further information on impactor type, energy, temperature and acceptance criteria.

1. 
   (normative)
   
   Specific instructions for the reaction to fire classification of PV Modules according to EN 13501‑1
   1. Scope

This annex is intended to provide detailed instructions for the reaction to fire tests of BIPV modules comprising one or more glass panes as placed on the market by the manufacturer, in order to ensure identical testing and identical classification according to EN 13501‑1 throughout Europe. This testing represents a free-standing application of a single PV module. Since identical photovoltaic modules may be used in various applications, additional systems tests that represent the application-specific test procedures are obligatory in the case that the modules are used differently than stated above. These tests will be specified in 50583-2.

• 1. Introduction

Photovoltaic modules that are intended to be used as building products shall be classified according to EN 13501‑1 (see Annex A) regardless of their technical composition (e.g. glass-glass or glass-polymer) and regardless of their intended application according to their mounting category (as defined in Table 2).

The photovoltaic modules are tested as supplied by the manufacturer, thus they may already ex works contain frames, junction boxes, cables, etc.

This annex provides specific instructions for the reaction to fire tests of BIPV modules according to EN 13823 and EN ISO 11925‑2 as both standards do not specify in detail how photovoltaic modules are to be tested.

This Annex does not differentiate between modules that do contain a frame and modules that do not contain a frame.

In the case that the photovoltaic modules neither contain ex works cables nor ex works junction boxes, refer to EN 14449 and EN 18080.

• 1. Definition

The frame in the context of reaction to fire testing is defined as a guard covering the entire perimeter of the photovoltaic module.

• 1. Instructions for the reaction to fire classification tests of PV modules
     according EN 13823
     1. General

The test according to EN 13823 requires test specimens of specific sizes. As these sizes typically do not correspond to the dimensions of photovoltaic modules to be classified, it will be necessary to manufacture PV modules just for the purpose of testing and classification. The classification received will be valid for all PV modules with identical material composition regardless of their actual dimensions. Consequently entire families of PV modules can be classified according to EN 13501‑1 based on the results of one test procedure as long as they are made from the same material and the composition of the test specimen (such as: glass thickness, glass treatment, interlayer material, solar cells, material of junction boxes, cable and connectors) are identical to the composition of the photovoltaic modules to be classified.

Photovoltaic modules that cannot be manufactured as the full-size specimen required in EN 13823 will be treated in EN 50583‑2, since in this case, joints between modules will be present and mounting equipment and material will become relevant.

Test results obtained in compliance with EN 13823 and EN ISO 11925‑2 remain valid without additional testing in case:

— the glass thickness of one or more glass panes is increased;^[2],

— the interlayer mass per surface area is decreased;

— interlayers are replaced by interlayers of the same material but with a lower or equal PCS value determined in accordance with EN ISO 1716 and identical interlayer mass per surface area;

— polymeric cover sheet material is replaced by polymeric cover sheets of the same material with a lower or equal PCS value determined in accordance with EN ISO 1716 and identical sheet mass per surface area;

— bonding material of the junction box is replaced by bonding material of the same material with a lower or equal PCS value determined in accordance with EN ISO 1716 and identical volume mass per surface area;

— a junction box is replaced by junction boxes of the same material with a lower or equal PCS value determined in accordance with EN ISO 1716 and identical mass per surface area.

In case the photovoltaic modules to be classified are available in different glass or backsheet colours, as minimum requirement, the darkest colour possible (e.g. black), the lightest colour possible (e.g. white) and (if available) red shall be tested. The “darkest colour” is characterized by the highest solar absorptance according to prEN 410.

In case the three colours obtain the same reaction to fire classification (A, B, C, D, etc.), all other untested colours shall be classified identically. Otherwise, the classification shall be either specified separately for each untested colour, or the lowest classification is then to be used for other, untested colours.

The 90° corner joint between the two test specimen mounted in the SBI test chamber shall be carried out as a closed butt joint in all test configurations.

The mounting of the test specimen is to be carried out as free standing, as specified in EN 13823:2020+A1:2022, 5.2.2 a).

The test according to EN 13823 of photovoltaic modules contains at least three consecutive individual tests.

One test with fire exposition from the front (the solar active surface) of the photovoltaic modules and one test with fire exposition from the back (the inactive or less solar active side) of the photovoltaic modules.

In case the two tests show results that lead to identical classification, with both tests results differing by less than 20 % and with values that are more than 20 % from the classification limit, the test that showed poorer results shall be repeated once.

Otherwise, the test that showed poorer results shall be repeated twice.

Optional additional tests as defined in EN 13501‑1 are permitted.

The photovoltaic modules are tested as provided by the manufacturer.

— In case the modules contain interconnection cables ex works, the cables shall be included in the test.

— In case the modules being sold do not contain interconnection cables, no cables for interconnection shall be included in the test.

• • 1. Specific instructions for the reaction to fire classification tests according to EN 13823 of photovoltaic modules

Photovoltaic modules are to be tested as full-size specimen with dimensions of 500 mm x 1500 mm and 1000 mm x 1500 mm (see Figure E.1).

If the tested modules do contain junction boxes on their back, the junction boxes are to be located within an area of 100 mm x 100 mm at the locations indicated in Figure E.1.

In case cables are present, each of the cables shall be wound into separate loops of 150 mm in diameter and shall be fixed as close as possible to its junction box using a non-combustible metal wire. Cables shall be fixed next to the junction box side where they are connected to the junction box. Thus locations below, to the right, to the left or above the junction boxes may be present.

The tests according EN 13823 shall be performed using the photovoltaic modules as manufactured and placed on the market.

Consequently, framed modules shall be tested with the frame. Unframed modules shall be tested without the frame.

Figure E.1 — Test set-up according to EN 13823 for photovoltaic modules.

• • 1. Tests according to EN ISO 11925‑2

The tests according to EN ISO 11925‑2 shall be performed on test specimens containing a single carrier glass pane with dimensions of 90 mm x 250 mm in the configurations specified below.

All tests shall be performed in a way that the glass edge of 250 mm length of the test specimen is perpendicularly exposed to the flame.

Each of the following test configurations are to be tested on at least 6 test specimens where the

— carrier glass pane is entirely covered by the interlayer and the back cover (e.g. glass or polymer) in such way that the perimeter of the interlayer and back cover align with the carrier glass pane and are thus exposed to the flame on the glass edge.

— carrier glass pane is entirely covered with a layer of adhesive that is used to fix and seal the junction box onto the back of the PV module. The layer thickness is required to be equivalent to be 1 mm ± 0,2 mm.

— carrier glass pane is entirely covered with junction boxes that are glued as densely as possible onto the glass.

Testing of the junction boxes themselves can be waived in case

— the volume of one junction box is smaller than 75 cm³. (e.g. The dimensions of a junction box are smaller than 6 × 6 x 2 cm = 72 cm³.

— the distance between junction boxes is larger than 200 mm

— the mass of each junction box is smaller than 60 g.

In case the photovoltaic modules are fixed into a frame using an adhesive, the following test configurations are to be tested on at least 6 test specimens where the:

— carrier glass pane is entirely covered with a 1 mm ± 0,2 mm thick layer of adhesive that is used to fix and seal the glass in the frame.

In case the photovoltaic modules are fixed into a frame using polymeric spacer tape, the following test configurations are to be tested on at least 6 test specimens where the:

— carrier glass pane with its bottom glass edge entirely covered with the polymeric spacer tape only

NOTE No metal frame is present in this test configuration.

1. 
   (informative)
   
   Example of Declaration of Conformity (according to the EN IEC 61730 series) and Declaration of Performance (according to EN 14449)

The CE mark of building-integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) modules is based on the EU Declaration of Conformity - as required by the LVD 2014/35/EU -, based on the EN IEC 61730 series. The CPR also requires a Declaration of Performance, based on a reference to the EN 14449 or EN 1279‑5 standard, whichever is applicable.

Figure F.1 — Example of Declaration of Conformity (according to the EN IEC 61730 series) and Declaration of Performance (according to EN 14449).

NOTE 1 In case the laminated glass is composed of more than one heat-modified glass unit, multiple glass marks might be present as – in contrast to the laminated glass as such - the individual glass units are each required to carry their marks.

NOTE2 In case the laminated glass is part of an insulated glass unit (IGU), multiple glass marks might be present since the IGU as well as the individual heat modified glass units are each required to carry their marks.

Bibliography

[1] EN 1279‑1, Glass in Building - Insulating glass units - Part 1: Generalities, system description, rules for substitution, tolerances and visual quality

[2] EN 1279‑2, Glass in building - Insulating glass units - Part 2: Long term test method and requirements for moisture penetration

[3] EN 1279‑3, Glass in building - Insulating glass units - Part 3: Long term test method and requirements for gas leakage rate and for gas concentration tolerances

[4] EN 1279‑4, Glass in Building - Insulating Glass Units - Part 4: Methods of test for the physical attributes of edge seal components and inserts

[5] EN 1863‑1, Glass in building - Heat strengthened soda lime silicate glass - Part 1: Definition and description

[6] EN 12150‑1, Glass in building - Thermally toughened soda lime silicate safety glass – Part 1:Definition and description

[7] EN 13116, Curtain walling - Resistance to wind load - Performance requirements

[8] EN 13049, Windows and doors - Soft and heavy body impact - Test method, safety requirements and classification

[9] EN 14019, Curtain Walling - Impact resistance - Performance requirements

[10] EAD 090035‑00‑0404

[11] EN 14179‑1, Glass in building - Heat soaked thermally toughened soda lime silicate safety glass - Part 1: Definition and description

EN ISO 12631, Thermal performance of curtain walling - Calculation of thermal transmittance (ISO 12631)

[12] Standard Test Methods for Fire Tests of Roof CoveringsIEA-PVPS Task 15 reports: UL 790 https://iea-pvps.org/research-tasks/enabling-framework-for-the-development-of-bipv/

[13] Final Reports of IEA-PVPS Task 12, https://iea-pvps.org/research-tasks/pv-sustainability/

[14] Multifunctional Characterisation of BIPV. available at: https://iea-pvps.org/key-topics/multifunctional-characterisation-of-bipv/ (last access 03.07.2023)

[15] Analysis of requirements specifications regulation of BIPV, available at: https://iea-pvps.org/key-topics/analysis-of-requirements-specifications-regulation-of-bipv/ (last access 03.07.2023)

[16] Compilation and Analysis of User Needs for BIPV and its Functions, available at: https://iea-pvps.org/key-topics/compilation-and-analysis-of-user-needs-for-bipv-and-its-functions/ (last access 03.07.2023)

[17] Categorization of BIPV applications, available at: https://iea-pvps.org/key-topics/categorization-of-bipv-applications/ (last access 15.07.2023)

[18] Fire safety of BIPV: International Mapping of Accredited and R&D Facilities in the Context of Codes and Standards, available at https://iea-pvps.org/key-topics/fire-safety-of-bipv-international-mapping-of-accredited-and-rd-facilities-in-the-context-of-codes-and-standards-2023/ (last access 15.07.2023)

[19] CEN/TC 128/WG3 - Solar energy systems for roofs: Requirements for structural connections to solar panels. available at https://standards.iteh.ai/catalog/tc/cen/902a8825-7779-4f4f-aa1d-cdf6bdda4a03/cen-tc-128-wg-3?srsltid=AfmBOoq1-zjpQE-Uy67aSTLk2f-XTUvQ2n1VO0Nm25fcyS6VQZlwYV-G

[20] SCHNEIDER J. (2004) Glass strength in the borehole area of annealed float glass and tempered float glass, in: International Journal of Forming Processes Bd. 7.4., pp. 523-541

[21] WIPANO-Forschungsprojekt „Verbundprojekt: Normentwurf zur Ermittlung der thermischen Beanspruchung von Glas und Glas-PV-Modulen (BIPV) im Bauwesen (Thermobruch), avaiable at https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT:1870984862

[22] Wilson H.R. et al. Component-based SHGC determination of BIPV glazing for product comparison. Energy Build. 2024, 320 p. 114592. DOI:10.1016/j.enbuild.2024.114592

[23] EN IEC 61215‑2, Terrestrial photovoltaic (PV) modules - Design qualification and type approval - Part 2: Test procedures (IEC 61215-2)

[24] IEC/TS 62915, Photovoltaic (PV) modules - Type approval, design and safety qualification - Retesting

[25] IEC/TS 63126, Guidelines for qualifying PV modules, components and materials for operation at high temperatures

[26] EN ISO 1716, Reaction to fire tests for products - Determination of the gross heat of combustion (calorific value)

[27] EN 18080, Glass in building, Reaction to fire - Mounting and fixing instructions for glass products and extended application of test results

1. As per Directive 2011/65/EU of the European parliament from 8th June 2011, photovoltaic modules have been exempted from the ROHS Directive. ↑

2. Glass products including heat-strengthened, chemically toughened, laminated and wired glass are classified A1 according to the decision 96/603/EC. ↑