ISO/DIS 4046:2025(en)
ISO/TC 6
Secretariat: AFNOR
Date: 2025-11-05
Paper, board, pulps and related terms — Vocabulary
Papier, carton, pâtes et termes connexes — Vocabulaire
© ISO 2025
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Contents
3.2 Virgin pulps and related processes 4
3.2.1 Virgin pulps for paper-making 4
3.2.3 Pulping processes and related terms and definitions 7
3.3 Recycled raw material and related terms and definitions 9
3.3.1 Material flows and statistics 9
3.3.2 Recyclability of paper 11
3.3.3 Equipment and processes for recycling 12
3.4 Stock preparation for both virgin and recycled material 12
3.4.2 Equipment and processes 13
3.4.3 Wet-end additives and processes 15
3.5.2 Paper production, paper and board machines 18
3.5.3 Surface treatment and surface treated paper/board 22
3.5.4 Coating and coated paper and board 25
3.6.2 Cardboard, containerboard and corrugated materials 34
3.6.3 Other packaging papers 37
3.6.4 Tissue paper and tissue products 39
3.6.5 Technical and other paper and board 39
3.7 Converting and converted products 42
3.7.4 Technical and other products 44
3.8.3 Dimensional properties 46
3.8.4 Structural and surface properties 47
3.8.5 Mechanical properties 50
3.8.8 Properties related to use and further processing 56
3.8.9 Laboratory and testing 56
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
ISO draws attention to the possibility that the implementation of this document may involve the use of (a) patent(s). ISO takes no position concerning the evidence, validity or applicability of any claimed patent rights in respect thereof. As of the date of publication of this document, ISO had not received notice of (a) patent(s) which may be required to implement this document. However, implementers are cautioned that this may not represent the latest information, which may be obtained from the patent database available at www.iso.org/patents. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
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This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 6, Paper, board and pulps.
This third edition cancels and replaces the second editions of the ISO 4046 series (ISO 4046-1:2016, ISO 4046-2:2016, ISO 4046-3:2016, ISO 4640-4:2016, ISO 4046-5:2016), which have been technically revised.
The main changes are as follows:
— consolidation of all parts of the ISO 4046 series into one document to facilitate referencing and increase the readability of the document;
— change from alphabetic to thematic order
— addition of new terms and definitions, many of them in the area of paper recycling;
— removal of obsolete terms and definitions;
— clear distinction between the terms “pulping” and “repulping” as well as between “sorting” and “cleaning”/“screening”;
— alignment of wording used in definitions, many of them related to virgin pulp and to corrugated board.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body.
Paper, board, pulps and related terms — Vocabulary
1.0 Scope
This document provides general and technical terms and definitions used for the field of paper, board and pulps related to
— pulps, pulping and repulping;
— paper making;
— paper and board grades, converted products and
— properties of pulp, paper and board.
This document does not define terms specifically for tissue paper and tissue products. For these, ISO 12625-1 applies.
2.0 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 12625‑1, Tissue paper and tissue products — Part 1: Vocabulary
3.0 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https://www.iso.org/obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https://www.electropedia.org/
3.1 General
3.1.1 Materials
3.1.1.1
paper
material typically in the form of a coherent sheet or web, made by deposition of pulp (3.1.1.5) from a fluid suspension onto a suitable forming device
Note 1 to entry: In the generic sense, paper can be used to describe both paper and board as well as moulded products. The primary distinction between paper and board is normally based upon thickness or grammage (3.8.1.1) (with paper being the lighter fraction), though in some instances the distinction will be based on the characteristics and/or end-use.
Note 2 to entry: Hydrogen bonding is the predominant mechanism for linking the cellulosic fibres.
Note 3 to entry: Paper can be sized, coated, impregnated, corrugated or otherwise converted, during or after its manufacture, without necessarily losing its identity as paper.
Note 4 to entry: In conventional papermaking processes, the fluid medium is water; new developments, however, include the use of air and other fluids.
Note 5 to entry: Sheets or laps of pulp as commonly understood for paper making or dissolving purposes are excluded as well as nonwoven products.
3.1.1.2
board
cardboard
paperboard
generic term applied to certain types of paper frequently characterized by their relatively high rigidity
Note 1 to entry: The primary distinction between paper and board is normally based upon thickness or grammage (3.8.1.1) (with board being the heavier fraction), though in some instances the distinction will be based on the characteristics and/or end-use.
3.1.1.3
paper-based product
article, predominantly consisting of paper or board
Note 1 to entry: Moulded products (3.1.1.4) are included.
3.1.1.4
moulded product
three-dimensional article, made from pulp, and shaped without any folding and gluing process
EXAMPLE Trays for eggs, fruit or vegetables.
Note 1 to entry: Moulded products can either be formed on a casting device or by thermoforming of a flat board.
3.1.1.5
pulp
<paper-making> fibres, generally cellulosic, or fibrous material (3.1.1.6) obtained by various processes from raw materials in different forms and made ready for use in further manufacturing processes
Note 1 to entry: Pulp is commonly used in many industries. In this vocabulary, it refers to types of pulps intended for the production of paper, board or cellulose derivatives.
Note 2 to entry: Pulp fibres commonly are from wood, wood chips, plants and paper for recycling. For specialties, other origins are possible.
Note 3 to entry: An aqueous suspension of pulp is typically called stock.
3.1.1.6
fibrous material
mixture of fibres and additives (3.1.1.8) typically used in the paper industry and including bound water
Note 1 to entry: If the focus is on composition or recipe, typically furnish is used.
3.1.1.7
fines, pl
small particles of cellulosic fibres
Note 1 to entry: There are two major types of fines, namely primary and secondary fines. Primary fines are generated during pulping and bleaching, and secondary fines are generated during the refining of pulp.
Note 2 to entry: Fines are typically the cellulosic fraction of pulp passing through a 200 mesh screen under defined conditions.
3.1.1.8
additive
<paper-making> substance added to improve the process or particular properties of paper and board
EXAMPLE Typical additives for paper-making are fillers, starch, retention aid, dyes, coating colour, defoamers, sizing and optical brightening agents as well as dry and wet-strength agents.
3.1.1.9
cellulosic nanomaterial
CNM
nanocellulose
NC
material composed predominantly of cellulose, with any external dimension in the nanoscale
Note 1 to entry: Some cellulosic nanomaterials can be composed of chemically modified cellulose.
[SOURCE: ISO 638-1:2022, 3.1 modified — The terms “nanocellulose” and “NC” were added as allowed terms. Note 1 to entry was deleted, . therefore Note 2 to entry was changed into Note 1 to entry.]
3.1.1.10
primary fibre
virgin fibre
pulp fibre in virgin pulp
3.1.1.11
secondary fibre
pulp fibre in recycled pulp
3.1.1.12
base paper
body board
base board
body paper
paper or board intended to further finishing or converting
Note 1 to entry: Examples for finishing or converting are on-line or off-line coating, corrugating, impregnation.
Note 2 to entry: In certain countries, this term is also used for papers to which a layer of other material (aluminium, plastics, etc.) is added.
3.1.1.13
sized paper
paper or board with increased resistance to the penetration and spreading of aqueous liquids
EXAMPLE Examples for aqueous liquids are writing and ink-jet printing inks.
Note 1 to entry: The sizing agents can be added in the stock preparation (internal sizing) and/or at the surface (surface sizing).
3.1.2 Plies and layers
3.1.2.1
ply
<paper or board> independently formed fibrous web which can be combined with others to form a multi-ply paper or board
3.1.2.2
furnish layer
layer of paper or board consisting of one or several plies of the same composition
3.1.2.3
duplex paper
duplex board
two-layer paper
two-layer board
paper or board consisting of two furnish layers combined together during manufacture, while still moist
3.1.2.4
triplex board
three-ply board
three-layer board
<board production> paper or board consisting of three furnish layers combined together during manufacture, while still moist
Note 1 to entry: In converting or for converted products, the terms are used with a different meaning.
3.1.2.5
middle of board
furnish layer of a board situated between the two external furnish layers, or between the underliners or between an underliner and the opposite external furnish layer
3.1.3 Processes
3.1.3.1
sizing
addition of materials to increase the resistance of a paper or board to the penetration and spreading of aqueous liquids
EXAMPLE Examples for aqueous liquids are writing and ink-jet printing inks.
Note 1 to entry: The materials added are predominantly a sizing agent such as rosins and alkyl ketene dimers which may need further auxiliary materials.
Note 2 to entry: Sizing can take place in the stock (internal sizing) or at the surface of the web (surface sizing).
3.2 Virgin pulps and related processes
3.2.1 Virgin pulps for paper-making
3.2.1.1
virgin pulp
pulp made from plant material that enter its intended use for the first time
3.2.1.2
wood pulp
virgin pulp obtained from wood
3.2.1.3
hardwood pulp
virgin pulp obtained from the wood of deciduous trees
3.2.1.4
softwood pulp
virgin pulp obtained from the wood of coniferous trees
3.2.1.5
non-wood plant pulp
virgin pulp made from lignocellulose fibres obtained from annual or biennial plants or their residues
EXAMPLE Examples of annual and biennial plants are bagasse, bamboo, cotton, cup plants, esparto grass, kenaf, meadow grass, miscanthus, straw.
3.2.1.6
mechanical pulp
high-yield virgin pulp in which defibration is achieved intentionally by means of mechanical energy
Note 1 to entry: Among pulps of this category are refiner mechanical pulp, groundwood pulp, pressurized groundwood pulp, thermo-mechanical pulp, chemi-mechanical pulp, chemi-thermomechanical pulp and bleached chemi-thermomechanical pulp.
Note 2 to entry: Typically, the yield of mechanical pulping is above 80 %.
3.2.1.7
groundwood pulp
GWP
mechanical pulp made by grinding wood against an abrasive surface
EXAMPLE Examples of abrasive surfaces are grinder stones.
3.2.1.8
pressurized groundwood pulp
PGW
groundwood pulp (3.2.1.7) made under pressure and at a high temperature
3.2.1.9
refiner mechanical pulp
RMP
mechanical pulp (3.2.1.6) made by processing wood chips or sawdust through a refiner (3.4.2.13)
3.2.1.10
thermomechanical pulp
TMP
high-yield virgin pulp in which defibration is achieved by a combination of thermal and mechanical energy
Note 1 to entry: The thermal energy is supplied under elevated pressure.
3.2.1.11
semi-chemical pulp
high-yield virgin pulp in which defibration and partial removal of non-carbohydrate components is achieved by a combination of chemical and mechanical treatment
EXAMPLE Examples of non-carbohydrate components are lignin and other plant extractives.
Note 1 to entry: In comparison with chemi-mechanical pulp, the chemical treatment is more substantial than the mechanical action, giving a lower yield.
Note 2 to entry: Among pulps of this classification are neutral sulphite semi-chemical pulp (NSSC pulp), high-yield kraft pulp, high-yield sulphite pulp, and caustic carbonate semi-chemical pulp.
3.2.1.12
neutral sulphite semi-chemical pulp
NSSC pulp
semi-chemical pulp prepared using a cooking liquor consisting of a mixture of sodium sulphite and sufficient sodium carbonate to ensure that the liquor remains slightly alkaline until the pulp is blown from the digester
Note 1 to entry: Depending upon the end use, the yields range from 65 % to 85 %. Higher yield NSSC pulps are characterized by their stiffness and are generally used as the major component for the manufacture of corrugating mediums.
3.2.1.13
chemi-mechanical pulp
CMP
high-yield virgin pulp in which defibration and partial removal of non-carbohydrate components is achieved by a combination of mechanical and chemical treatment
EXAMPLE Examples of non-carbohydrate components are lignin and other plant extractives.
Note 1 to entry: In comparison with semi-chemical pulp, the mechanical action is more substantial than the chemical treatment, giving a higher yield.
3.2.1.14
chemi-thermomechanical pulp
CTMP
high-yield virgin pulp in which defibration and partial removal of non-carbohydrate components is achieved by a combination of thermal, chemical and mechanical treatment
EXAMPLE Examples of non-carbohydrate components are lignin and other plant extractives.
Note 1 to entry: The thermal energy is supplied under elevated pressure.
3.2.1.15
bleached chemi-thermomechanical pulp
BCTMP
chemi-thermomechanical pulp that has been bleached to relatively high ISO brightness
Note 1 to entry: The ISO brightness is usually no less than 70.
3.2.1.16
chemical pulp
virgin pulp obtained by a chemical treatment in which a considerable part of non-carbohydrate is removed from the fibre matrix
EXAMPLE Examples of non-carbohydrate components are lignin and other plant extractives.
3.2.1.17
sulphate pulp
chemical pulp obtained by cooking the raw material with a liquor containing essentially sodium hydroxide, sodium sulphides and possibly other components
Note 1 to entry: Sulphate pulp is derived from the use of sodium sulphate as the source of sodium sulphides in the liquor-recovery process. In the strict technical sense, kraft pulp (3.2.1.18) is more restrictive than sulphate pulp, and, in some countries, this distinction is also maintained commercially. In many countries, however, the two terms are regarded as synonyms commercially, kraft pulp (3.2.1.18) being preferred in order to avoid confusion with sulphite pulp (3.2.1.19).
3.2.1.18
kraft pulp
variety of sulphate pulp of high mechanical strength
Note 1 to entry: In the strict technical sense of kraft pulp is more restrictive than sulphate pulp (3.2.1.17), and in some countries this distinction is also maintained commercially. In many countries, however, the two terms are regarded as synonyms commercially, kraft pulp being preferred in order to avoid confusion with sulphite pulp (3.2.1.19).
3.2.1.19
sulphite pulp
chemical pulp obtained by cooking the raw material with bisulphite liquor
3.2.1.20
neutral sulphite pulp
chemical pulp obtained by cooking the raw material with a liquor essentially containing a mono-sulphite
3.2.1.21
soda pulp
virgin pulp obtained by treating the raw material with a liquor containing sodium hydroxide as the sole active agent
3.2.2 Speciality pulps
3.2.2.1
fluff pulp
virgin pulp, characterized by high water absorbency and bulk intended for absorbent and hygiene products
3.2.2.2
dissolving pulp
virgin pulp intended primarily for conversion into chemical derivatives of cellulose
3.2.2.3
rag pulp
pulp obtained from new textile cuttings, cotton linters, or used textile rags of materials made from flax, hemp, ramie, cotton
Note 1 to entry: Rag pulp can also be obtained directly from the following natural textile plants: flax, hemp, ramie, or cotton (excluding all others).
Note 2 to entry: In some countries, these pulps are known by the name of the particular plant, for example, ramie pulp.
Note 3 to entry: Due to significantly longer fibres than typical pulps, rag pulp is used for special applications only.
3.2.3 Pulping processes and related terms and definitions
3.2.3.1
pulping
process to convert solid plant matter to individual fibres through chemical and/or mechanical methods
Note 1 to entry: Pulping can be extended to further describe the process, such as chemical pulping, mechanical pulping and the like.
Note 2 to entry: It is common practice to use terms for pulping which describe the process or the equipment, such as cooking, grinding, chip refining and the like.
Note 3 to entry: See also repulping (3.4.2.4).
3.2.3.2
cooking
<pulp> treatment of solid plant matter by heat in the presence of water, usually under pressure with added chemicals
3.2.3.3
solvent pulping
chemical pulping process in which the raw material is treated with an organic solvent, with or without further additives, at high temperature and/or pressure
3.2.3.4
explosion pulping
pulping method in which wood chips are partially delignified with chemicals at very high temperature and pressure and then discharged rapidly through a special nozzle to atmospheric pressure
3.2.3.5
grinding
<mechanical pulp> pressing log of wood against a rotating grindstone with the addition of water
3.2.3.6
chip refining
mechanical defibration of wood chips by processing through a refiner to produce refiner mechanical pulp
3.2.3.7
washer
<chemical pulp> type of equipment in which washing of the pulp suspension can be carried out
Note 1 to entry: For washing, a perforated cylinder is partially immersed in the pulp to allow the continuous extraction of liquid.
3.2.3.8
plant extractive
component of the plant matter which can be extracted by solvents
EXAMPLE Examples for the components are fat, terpenes, waxes, resins, simple sugars. Examples for solvents are water, ethanol, acetone, benzene, toluene.
3.2.3.9
cellulose
macromolecular polysaccharides composed of glucose, linked by β-1-4-glycosidic bonds forming straight, unbranched chains
3.2.3.10
hemicellulose
complex highly branched polysaccharides composed of different kinds of sugar units such as xylose, arabinose, mannose, galactose and glucose
3.2.3.11
lignin
class of complex, organic macromolecules, containing aromatic sub-units, that play a key role in the formation of cell walls in wood and bark, conferring mechanical strength and rigidity to cell walls and to plants as a whole
Note 1 to entry: Lignin is the main non-carbohydrate constituent of wood.
[SOURCE: ISO 21436:2020, 3.1, modified — Term was changed into singular.]
3.2.3.12
black liquor
spent cooking liquor recovered by separation of the chemical pulp during or after a kraft or soda cook, containing dissolved organic wood materials and residual alkali compounds
3.2.3.13
chemical recovery
series of process steps for the recovery of chemicals from the black liquor and the reconstitution of chemicals to fresh cooking liquors
3.3 Recycled raw material and related terms and definitions
3.3.1 Material flows and statistics
3.3.1.1
paper recycling
paper reprocessing
sequential process of paper and board collection, recovery and production of recycled pulp
Note 1 to entry: Depending on quality and on handling, recovery may consist of cleaning, sorting, and baling.
3.3.1.2
collection rate
<paper for recycling> ratio of collected paper for recycling to the total paper and board consumption, in a given geographical area
3.3.1.3
recycling rate
<paper> ratio between recycling of used paper and board, including net trade of paper for recycling, and paper and board consumption
3.3.1.4
utilisation rate
<paper> percentage of paper for recycling utilisation compared to the total paper and board production, in a given geographical area
3.3.1.5
paper for recycling
paper and board for recycling
recovered paper
raw material for the production of paper or board consisting of used paper, board or products thereof, recovered from converting or after use
Note 1 to entry: Paper or board products may include other constituents than fibrous material that cannot be removed by dry sorting, such as laminates, spiral bindings, etc.
3.3.1.6
post-consumer paper for recycling
paper for recycling from industrial and commercial outlets, from households and offices
3.3.1.7
pre-consumer paper for recycling
paper for recycling originating from converting and printing operations
Note 1 to entry: Paper mill broke is considered neither waste nor paper for recycling.
3.3.1.8
paper and board collection
gathering of paper for recycling from industrial and commercial outlets, from households and offices
Note 1 to entry: Collection includes transport to the sorting/processing or recycling plant/paper mill.
3.3.1.9
separate paper and board collection
gathering of paper for recycling from industrial and commercial outlets, from households and offices, separately from non-paper material
3.3.1.10
selective paper and board collection
gathering of specific types of paper for recycling from industrial and commercial outlets, from households and offices, separately from non-paper material and from other paper material
3.3.1.11
commingled collection
collection of several recyclable material fractions in a single bin or container
EXAMPLE Examples for recyclable material fractions are paper, board, glass bottles, cans, plastic, etc.
Note 1 to entry: For paper for recycling used in conventional paper mills, this type of collection is generally not supported by the pulp, paper and board industry due to the high cross contamination.
3.3.1.12
pick-up system
collection system for which the recyclables are collected at the place where they originate
3.3.1.13
bring system
drop-off system
collection system for which consumers have to take their recyclables to a collection point
EXAMPLE Examples of collection points are bring banks, collection shops, resource yards, etc.
3.3.1.14
bring bank
arrangement of bins or containers for collection of recyclables to be used by residentials
Note 1 to entry: Containers can be above ground or underground and are usually not supervised.
3.3.1.15
collection shop
facility where recyclables are received and where the deliverer gets a compensation
3.3.1.16
recycling centre
resource yard
recycling yard
centralised site authorised by the municipalities for separate and/or selective collection of recyclables
Note 1 to entry: Usually, there is qualified staff on site for consulting and supervising.
3.3.1.17
sorting
dry sorting
<paper for recycling> dry segregation of discarded material into specified streams, either at the source or at a dedicated facility, in order to support effective and efficient recycling
3.3.1.19
deinked pulp
DIP
pulp made from paper for recycling from which inks and other contaminants have been removed
Note 1 to entry: The definition refers to industrial pulp. It deviates from the definition in ISO 21993:2020 which is specific to a laboratory method.
[SOURCE: ISO/TS 21331:2020, 3.1.3, modified — Note 1 to entry was added.]
3.3.1.20
colour stripping
removal of dyestuffs from recycled pulp
3.3.2 Recyclability of paper
3.3.2.1
recyclability
ability of a paper or board product to be recycled into new paper and board
Note 1 to entry: Recyclability is a general term which can be understood either as technical recyclability (3.3.2.2) or recyclability at scale (3.3.2.3).
3.3.2.2
technical recyclability
ability of a paper and board product to be recycled into new paper and board by means of an established recycling process
Note 1 to entry: The assessment of the technical recyclability is typically done by mimicking the recycling process by a suitable laboratory method and an appropriate assessment scheme.
3.3.2.3
recyclability at scale
ability of a paper and board product to be recycled into new paper and board by technical recyclability and by an existing recycling infrastructure
Note 1 to entry: If a paper or board product cannot be recycled in a conventional recycling process it is important that it is either collected selectively or that it can be sorted from a collected material and treated in a dedicated process.
3.3.2.4
deinkability
removability of ink and/or toner from a printed paper product to a high extent by means of a deinking process
Note 1 to entry: This shall restore as well as possible the optical properties of the unprinted product.
3.3.2.5
recycled pulp
pulp manufactured from paper for recycling and used for the manufacture of paper and board
3.3.2.6
non-paper component
any foreign matter in paper for recycling, which is neither a constituent part of the product nor integrated component of the product and can be separated by dry sorting
Note 1 to entry: Non-paper components comprise metal, plastic, glass, textiles, wood, sand and building materials, synthetic materials.
Note 2 to entry: Non-paper component is not to be confused with non-paper constituent (3.3.2.7), the latter meaning non-paper material as intended part of a final paper-based product while former relates to composition of paper for recycling.
3.3.2.7
non-paper constituent
non-paper material as intended part of a final paper-based product added to uncoated and pigment coated paper and board and which cannot be separated by dry sorting
EXAMPLE Examples for non-paper constituents are glued spines, spiral binding, lamination of covers.
Note 1 to entry: There are non-paper constituents which can easily be separated by end-users, e. g. loosely attached plastic films, and some are difficult to separate, e. g. lamination, spiral binding.
3.3.2.8
used liquid packaging cartons, pl
used beverage cartons, pl
UBC
post-consumer liquid packaging cartons (3.6.3.1)
3.3.3 Equipment and processes for recycling
3.3.3.1
deinking plant
DIP
industrial treatment system for paper for recycling including a deinking process
3.3.3.2
deinking
de-inking
process of ink removal from recycled pulp during the recycling process
[SOURCE: ISO/TS 21331:2020, 3.2.2, modified — recycled was added.]
3.3.3.3
froth flotation
flotation
<deinking> process step intended to selectively remove ink particles from recycled pulp
Note 1 to entry: Air is injected into diluted pulp, intended to carry ink particles to the surface of the pulp and to form a froth there.
3.3.3.4
deashing
removal of minerals from recycled pulp
3.4 Stock preparation for both virgin and recycled material
3.4.1 Main materials
3.4.1.1
integrated pulp
pulp which is manufactured and processed to paper or board on the same site
Note 1 to entry: Usually, an integrated pulp is neither dewatered to a high extent nor dried.
3.4.1.2
non-integrated pulp
pulp which is freighted to a paper or board mill from a pulp manufacturing site
Note 1 to entry: For non-integrated pulps, market pulp is common, but it implies a commercial context which is not desired in this document.
3.4.1.3
stock
aqueous suspension of fibrous material, from the stage of repulping to the formation of the web or sheet of paper or board
3.4.1.4
unbleached pulp
pulp that has not been subjected to any treatment which is intended primarily to increase its brightness (diffuse blue reflectance factor)
3.4.1.5
bleached pulp
pulp which has been subjected to bleaching (3.4.2.16).
3.4.1.6
semi-bleached pulp
pulp bleached to an intermediate degree of brightness (diffuse blue reflectance factor)
3.4.2 Equipment and processes
3.4.2.1
stock preparation
collective term for all treatments necessary for the preparation of the stock before it enters the paper machine chest
Note 1 to entry: In English, stock preparation includes stock cleaning (3.4.2.7).
3.4.2.2
approach flow system
collective term for all equipment from the paper machine chest to the headbox
3.4.2.3
pulper
equipment intended for repulping of fibrous material (3.1.1.6)
3.4.2.4
defibration
disintegration
process of fibre separation to make a pulp suspension
Note 1 to entry: Depending on the feedstock, either pulping or repulping are examples for defibration.
Note 2 to entry: Disintegration refers to the paper and board structure and not to the fibres.
3.4.2.5
repulping
slushing
process for treating dry pulp, paper, board, or paper for recycling with water in order to prepare a suspension of fibres
3.4.2.6
dry repulping
process for treating dry pulp, paper, board, or paper for recycling without the addition of water
3.4.2.7
pulp cleaning
stock cleaning
cleaning
mechanical separation of unwanted material from pulp or stock
Note 1 to entry: In the paper and board industry, pulp and stock cleaning are mainly done by centrifugal cleaning (3.4.2.8) and by screening.
Note 2 to entry: In the paper and board industry, cleaning sometimes is used as a synonym for centrifugal cleaning (3.4.2.8).
3.4.2.8
centrifugal cleaning
cleaning
mechanical separation of unwanted material in pulp suspensions or stock by means of centrifugal forces
3.4.2.9
screen
device provided with orifices intended for separating materials according to size or shape
Note 1 to entry: When used for pulp stock, the orifices are usually narrow slots or holes.
3.4.2.10
screening
operation intended to clean pulp suspensions or stock by passing through a screen (3.4.2.9)
3.4.2.11
accept
output material of a separation process which intentionally contains the desired components
EXAMPLE Examples for separation processes are stock cleaning (3.4.2.7), screening (3.4.2.10), flotation (3.3.3.3).
3.4.2.12
reject
output material of a separation process which intentionally contains the undesired components
3.4.2.13
refiner
<stock preparation> machine with stationary and rotating fittings, where refining of stock takes place by flowing between the fittings
Note 1 to entry: Fittings are either in disc shape or as cone and plug or cylindrical.
Note 2 to entry: In a refiner, the treatment is usually a continuous operation.
Note 3 to entry: Disc refiners are also used to treat wood chips, see chip refining (3.2.3.6).
3.4.2.14
refining
beating
<stock preparation> mechanical treatment of stock to develop some of the properties needed for the manufacture of pulp or paper with the necessary characteristics
Note 1 to entry: Refining improves pulp and paper properties such as bonding ability, drainage resistance, sheet formation quality, optical and mechanical properties.
3.4.2.15
fibrillation
freeing of the fibrils by partial rupture of the fibres submitted to an appropriate treatment
EXAMPLE Examples for an appropriate treatment are beating or refining.
3.4.2.16
beater
hollander
machine, fitted with a stationary bedplate and a rotating roll with bars, where beating of stock takes place by flowing between the bedplate and the bars
Note 1 to entry: In a beater, the treatment is usually a batch operation.
Note 2 to entry: Beater and hollander are uncommon in modern stock preparations unless required for specialities.
3.4.2.17
bleaching
chemical process for the removal or modification of coloured components of pulp in order to increase its brightness (diffuse blue reflectance factor)
3.4.2.18
dissolved air flotation
flotation
<water cleaning> raising of suspended matter in water to the surface, for example by the entrainment of a gas on the suspended matter
[SOURCE: ISO 6107:2021, 3.236, modified — Term “dissolved air flotation” was added, term “floatation” was deleted.]
3.4.2.19
washer
<recycled pulp> equipment designed to dewater recycled pulp and to typically remove inks and minerals at the same time
3.4.3 Wet-end additives and processes
3.4.3.1
filler
loading
<paper and board> fine pigment, generally white and usually of mineral origin, incorporated in the stock during the manufacture of paper or board
3.4.3.2
alum
<paper-making> aluminium sulphate
Note 1 to entry: In chemistry, alum refers to double salts, such as potassium aluminium sulphate. However, in papermaking alum is used to refer to aluminium sulphate, since some double salts were, in the past, used for the same purpose.
3.4.3.3
internal sizing
addition of sizing agent to the stock
3.4.3.4
acid sizing
type of internal sizing (3.4.3.3) in which the stock is kept acidic, usually at a pH less than 6
Note 1 to entry: Acid sizing is not a common practise anymore.
3.4.3.5
neutral sizing
type of internal sizing (3.4.3.3) in which stock is adjusted to a pH close to neutral
Note 1 to entry: Typically, the pH lies in the range of 6 to 8.
3.4.3.6
alkaline sizing
type of internal sizing (3.4.3.3) in which stock is made alkaline, usually at a pH more than 8
3.4.3.7
fluorescent whitening
optical brightening
improving the whiteness of paper or board by incorporation of a suitable agent in a pulp, stock, surface sizing or coating
Note 1 to entry: Fluorescent whitening agents (FWA), also called optical brightening agents (OBA), are almost colourless substances that can convert ultraviolet radiation into visible light in the blue zone of the spectrum.
3.4.4 Undesired substances
3.4.4.1
contrary
<pulp, paper or board> any unwanted particle or spot, of specified minimum size and having a sufficiently contrasting light reflectance or opacity with respect to the surrounding area of the sheet
Note 1 to entry: A contrary can include any blemish on the paper surface.
3.4.4.2
contrary
impurity
<recycled pulp> any material that might be detrimental to paper or board being manufactured from recycled pulp or which might damage paper-making equipment or render repulping difficult
3.4.4.3
shive
small bundles of fibres that have not been separated completely in the pulping operations
3.4.4.4
dirt
<pulp> any non-fibrous particle which is visible on or in the sheet, and which has a marked contrast or colour with respect to the rest of the sheet
3.4.4.5
pitch
unwanted extractives material appearing in pulps
Note 1 to entry: The origin of pitch is virgin pulp.
3.4.4.6
white pitch
unwanted particle in pulp, originating from coated broke
3.4.4.7
vessel cell
hollow plant cells with low fibre bonding ability, originating from hardwood pulp
3.4.4.8
sticky
<recycled pulps> material in disintegrated pulp that may adhere to objects at ambient temperature or may adopt adhesive characteristics when subjected to elevated temperature, elevated pressure or change of pH
[SOURCE: ISO 15360-1:2000, 3.1, modified — First part of the definition “diverse group of materials that are retained on a laboratory screen of given slit aperture (100 μm or 150 μm), and which adhere to objects which they touch;” and Note 1 to entry and Note 2 to entry were deleted.]
3.5 Paper making
3.5.1 Composition related
3.5.1.1
furnish
composition
nature and proportions of the components of stock, paper or board other than water
Note 1 to entry: Furnish is rather used in stock preparation, composition is rather used for paper and board.
3.5.1.2
fibre furnish
fibre composition
nature and proportions of the fibrous constituents of a stock, paper or board
Note 1 to entry: Fibre furnish is rather used in stock preparation, fibre composition is rather used for paper and board.
3.5.1.3
mechanical pulp paper
mechanical pulp board
wood-containing paper
wood-containing board
paper or board having mechanical pulp as an essential constituent of its fibre composition
3.5.1.4
woodfree paper
woodfree board
freesheet paper
freesheet board
paper or board having essentially only chemical pulp in its fibre composition
Note 1 to entry: In practice, it may contain a maximum of 10 % of other pulps.
3.5.1.5
recycled paper
paper made from recycled pulp as the only fibrous material
Note 1 to entry: Mill broke used in the production shall only originate from a production of recycled paper.
Note 2 to entry: For recycled board (3.5.1.7), the definition is slightly different.
3.5.1.6
recycled-content paper
paper or board containing recycled pulp
3.5.1.7
recycled board
board made from recycled pulp
Note 1 to entry: A minor addition of virgin pulp is possible.
3.5.1.8
kraft paper
paper of high mechanical strength, the vast majority of fibres being from kraft pulp
EXAMPLE MF paper, MG paper or sack kraft paper.
Note 1 to entry: In the containerboard sector, grade names containing kraft might have a less strict requirement to the fibres.
3.5.1.9
acid-free paper
paper which in principle does not contain any acid
3.5.1.10
rag paper
paper containing rag pulp
Note 1 to entry: The minimum proportion required for paper to be designated as rag paper differs in different countries.
3.5.1.11
all-rag paper
paper made from rag pulp but which may contain a small amount of non-rag fibres
3.5.1.12
ashless paper
paper with a negligible content of inorganic material leading to almost no residue after combustion
Note 1 to entry: An ash content less than 1 % can be considered as negligible content.
3.5.1.13
straw paper
straw board
paper or board made from straw pulp to the exclusion of other pulps
3.5.1.14
mixed straw paper
mixed straw board
paper or board containing a major proportion of straw pulp
3.5.2 Paper production, paper and board machines
3.5.2.1
paper machine
board machine
machine for the production of a paper or board web which is formed by drainage of the stock on one or several formers, the wet web then being pressed and dried
Note 1 to entry: Paper and board machines often contain additional devices for online surface treatment.
3.5.2.2
vat machine
cylinder machine
board or paper machine comprising one single or several sequential open-ended cylinders, each covered with fine mesh wire and revolving partially immersed in a trough or vat of stock
Note 1 to entry: Water draining through the wire leaves a mat of fibres to form a ply or a number of plies. The wet ply or plies are then transferred sequentially to the underside of a moving felt applied at the top of the cylinder or cylinders. The resultant combined web then passes through pressing and drying sections.
3.5.2.3
intermittent board machine
board machine in which the wet web is wound on a drum forming a continuous mat of several layers from which it is cut and stripped when the required thickness is obtained
3.5.2.4
wet lap machine
machine to produce wet sheets of pulp by forming, dewatering, pressing and cutting
Note 1 to entry: The moisture content of the sheets typically is about 50 %.
3.5.2.5
headbox
part of the paper or board machine for feeding stock to a former as required by the former and by the quality of paper or board being produced
Note 1 to entry: A headbox can be constructed to produce several furnish layers.
3.5.2.6
web
continuous length of paper or board during manufacture or conversion
3.5.2.7
wire section
part of the paper or board machine for draining the stock and forming the paper or board web
3.5.2.8
fourdrinier former
fourdrinier table
fourdrinier wire part
part of a paper or board machine consisting of an endless wire, the upper part of which forms a flat surface on which the web is formed and through which a major portion of the water is removed
Note 1 to entry: The wire of a paper machine is a belt of mesh fabric (metal or synthetic).
3.5.2.9
twin-wire former
part of a paper or board machine in which the web travels between two wires and water is drained through both wires
Note 1 to entry: Depending on the construction the formation of the web takes place either before the twin-wire former on a fourdrinier table (3.5.2.8) or within the twin-wire former, see gap former (3.5.2.10).
3.5.2.10
gap former
type of twin-wire former at which the stock suspension is injected into a gap between the two wires
3.5.2.11
top side
felt side
face of a web or sheet of paper or board opposite to the wire side
Note 1 to entry: top side / felt side is not necessarily relevant to paper formed between two wires.
3.5.2.12
wire side
bottom side
face of a web or sheet of paper or board which was in contact with the forming wire during manufacture
Note 1 to entry: Wire side is not necessarily relevant to paper formed between two wires.
3.5.2.13
deckle board
stationary equipment placed on each side of a fourdrinier former for retaining laterally the stock on the wire during the early part of drainage
Note 1 to entry: This equipment can be adjusted laterally to obtain the required width of the web on the fourdrinier former.
3.5.2.14
deckle strap
endless belt, generally rectangular in cross-section, that travels with the fourdrinier wire and serves the same purpose as a deckle board
3.5.2.15
deckle of suction box
stationary equipment used inside suction boxes on the paper or board machine to restrict the suction area to the width of the wet web
Note 1 to entry: This equipment can be adjusted laterally to conform to the width of the web.
3.5.2.16
edge cutters, pl
device comprising two jets of water which divide the wet web on the wire lengthwise so that the edges may be removed
Note 1 to entry: In this way the width of the web going forward from the wire part is controlled and a comparatively clean edge formed.
Note 2 to entry: Edge cutters are adjustable across the paper or board machine and are generally installed at the couch.
3.5.2.17
couch
part of the paper or board machine at which the wet web leaves the fabric on which it has been formed
3.5.2.18
couching
combining of two wet layers fusing them to one web without adhesives
3.5.2.19
press section
part of the paper or board machine consisting of wet presses
3.5.2.20
wet press
combination of two or more rolls having surfaces of used for pressing water from the wet web and for compacting the web
EXAMPLE Examples for surfaces used for pressing water are polished granite, rubber, fabric or felt.
Note 1 to entry: The wet presses are situated immediately before the drying section of the paper or board machine.
3.5.2.21
shoe press
wet press construction to extend the dwell time in the nip at which one roll is replaced by a stationary concave element with a moving cover
3.5.2.22
marking press
rubber-covered roll with a raised or recessed pattern, used in conjunction with a press roll in the press section of the paper machine to produce a rubber mark in the web
3.5.2.23
smoothing press
pair of unfelted rolls usually situated between the press section of a paper or board machine and the drying section, used to improve the surface of the paper or board, make it more even-sided and remove the felt mark before drying begins
3.5.2.24
dryer section
part of the paper or board machine to dry the web by direct contact, typically consisting of heated cylinders
Note 1 to entry: If the dryer section is interrupted by a surface treatment, it is common to use pre-dryer section and post-dryer section.
3.5.2.25
air-drying
method used for drying paper
Note 1 to entry: Air-drying in sheets is generally carried out in contact with freely circulating air. Air-drying in the web is generally carried out by contact with heated air, either in a room or in a tunnel (festoon dryers).
3.5.2.26
reel-up
last section of the paper machine where the reeling operation of the continuous web takes place
3.5.2.27
reel
<paper or board> web of paper or board wound on a core
Note 1 to entry: Reel is used to describe a web of paper wound around a metal roll at the end of the paper machine.
3.5.2.28
winding
operation of rolling-up a web of paper with or without the use of a core
3.5.2.29
roll
<paper or board> web of paper or board wound around itself or around a core
Note 1 to entry: In some countries, this term is synonymous with reel.
3.5.2.30
broke
mill broke
paper or board which is discarded at any stage during its manufacture, usually repulped and fed back to the manufacturing process
Note 1 to entry: Broke is not counted as recycled material unless the feedstock of the production is only paper for recycling.
3.5.2.31
wet broke
broke (3.5.2.30) accumulated on the wet end of the paper or board machine
3.5.2.32
dry broke
broke (3.5.2.30) accumulated at any stage on the dry end of the paper or board machine, including trimmings from the reeling, slitting and cutting operations, as well as paper or board rejected during sorting
3.5.2.33
wire mould
<hand-made paper> frame with transverse bars to which a fine mesh wire is sewn and through which the stock drains when making hand-made paper
3.5.2.34
deckle frame
removable rectangular frame which fits on the wire mould used in handmade paper manufacture to prevent the stock from running off the mould
3.5.2.35
machine deckle
overall width of the wet web as it leaves the forming zone
Note 1 to entry: Sometimes used incorrectly in English to indicate the width of the web at the dry end of the machine.
3.5.2.36
maximum deckle
greatest practicable width of the wet web as it leaves the forming zone
3.5.2.37
untrimmed machine width
maximum width of a given paper or board which it is possible to make on a given machine
3.5.2.38
maximum trimmed machine width
maximum width of the web of paper or board which it is possible to make on a given machine, the width being determined after the removal of a minimum amount of trim to eliminate the rough edges formed during manufacture
3.5.2.39
width of a reel of paper
width of a reel of board
width of a roll of paper
width of a roll of board
dimension of the web of paper or board measured in the cross-direction
3.5.2.40
machine fill
actual width of a paper or board machine taken up by a particular fabrication
Note 1 to entry: Ideally this should closely approach the maximum trimmed machine width.
Note 2 to entry: In English, the word “deckle” is sometimes used incorrectly for machine fill.
3.5.3 Surface treatment and surface treated paper/board
3.5.3.1
surface application
surface treatment
operation consisting of the application of an appropriate material to the surface of a paper or board to change certain of its characteristics
3.5.3.2
size press
two rolls running in contact with each other, between which the web is passed in order to apply an even layer of size, coating colour or other surface application
Note 1 to entry: The size press is situated between two banks of dryers on the paper machine and can be used one- or two-sided.
Note 2 to entry: The English term “size press” is commonly used in France.
3.5.3.3
surface sizing
addition of a sizing agent and/or starch to the surface of a paper or board
Note 1 to entry: Surface sizing by starch is mainly used to increase the strength of paper and board.
3.5.3.4
surface-sized paper
paper of which the surface has been given a surface application intended to improve its characteristics
3.5.3.5
paper without finish
board without finish
paper or board which has a rough appearance on both sides at the end of the paper-making process
Note 1 to entry: This term implies that the paper or board has not been submitted to any finishing treatment, for example, in the machine stack.
3.5.3.6
calender
machine, intended to smooth, gloss or otherwise finish the paper or board, or control its thickness, bulk or opacity and consisting essentially of a certain number of superimposed rolls having different compressibility
Note 1 to entry: Calender rolls are heated or not.
3.5.3.7
calendering
operation carried out by means of a calender on partially dried paper or board, with the aim of improving the finish, the process permitting some control of the thickness of the paper or board
3.5.3.8
machine stack
type of calender situated at the end of the paper or board machine of which the rolls are of metal only
3.5.3.9
machine-finished paper
machine-finished board
MF paper
MF board
paper or board treated mechanically on the paper or board machine to improve the smoothness and uniformity of appearance on both sides
Note 1 to entry: This change is generally less than that obtained by supercalendering.
3.5.3.10
soft calendering
soft-nip calendaring
calendering process with each nip comprising one hard, polished surface and one resilient compensating roll
Note 1 to entry: Soft-nip calender typically comprises less nips than a supercalender.
Note 2 to entry: Often heat or steam is used to improve the calendering effect.
Note 3 to entry: Usually performed at the paper machine between the dryer section and the winding unit.
3.5.3.11
supercalender
special type of calender, not usually forming part of the paper or board machine, using both metallic rolls, one or more of which may be heated, and compressible non-metallic rolls
Note 1 to entry: The number of rolls is usually greater than in a calender forming part of the paper or board machine and is intended to impart a higher degree of finish than can usually be obtained using the latter type of calender.
Note 2 to entry: The calendaring effect is sometimes improved by applying steam onto the paper surface.
3.5.3.12
supercalendered paper
paper that has been highly calendered in a supercalender in order to obtain a smoother surface and higher gloss than machine-finished paper
3.5.3.13
embossing calender
type of calender to provide a relief or a pattern onto paper or board
3.5.3.14
embossed paper
embossed board
paper or board on which a relief or a pattern has been produced, generally by pressure from an engraved roll or plate
3.5.3.15
plate-glazing calender
special type of calender consisting of two cast-iron rolls, between which a pile of sheets of paper or board, interposed between sheets of polished material, generally metal, is passed to and fro
3.5.3.16
glazing
operation of imparting a lustre to paper or board by means of any appropriate drying or mechanical finishing process
3.5.3.17
plate glazing
operation of imparting smooth, polished surfaces to sheets of paper or board by means of a plate-glazing calender (3.5.3.15)
3.5.3.18
machine glazed paper
machine glazed board
MG paper
MG board
paper or board which has had one side made smooth and glossy by drying in contact with a heated, polished metal cylinder (Yankee cylinder) which forms part of the drying section of the machine
Note 1 to entry: The other side of the paper or board remains relatively rough.
3.5.3.19
friction glazing calender
special type of calender consisting of a compressible non-metallic roll and a smaller metal roll
Note 1 to entry: These rolls are so geared that the smaller roll has the higher peripheral speed.
3.5.3.20
friction glazing
surface application intended to improve its surface characteristics by means of a friction-glazing calender (3.5.3.19)
3.5.3.21
friction glazed paper
friction glazed board
paper or board the surface of which has a very high finish obtained by means of a friction-glazing calender (3.5.3.19)
3.5.3.22
creping
process causing a crumpling which induces a specific paper texture and ability to stretch
Note 1 to entry: The paper web passes through a steam-heated drying cylinder, also called Yankee, where a metal blade, known as a doctor blade, scrapes the paper.
3.5.4 Coating and coated paper and board
3.5.4.1
coating
<paper and board> process of applying, to the surface of a paper or board, one or more layers of coating colour or other materials in fluid form
Note 1 to entry: Coating has two main functions: improvement of optical properties and improvement of the resistance to fluids.
Note 2 to entry: If coating is used without further specification, the coating colour (3.5.4.3) is typically mineral pigment based.
3.5.4.2
coated paper
coated board
paper or board that has undergone a coating process on one or both sides
Note 1 to entry: If coated paper is used without further specification, the coating colour (3.5.4.3) is typically mineral pigment based.
3.5.4.3
coating colour
coating slip
aqueous liquid suspension in which the pigment is generally a white mineral of very small particle size, and which contains one or more binders (adhesives)
Note 1 to entry: Other additives, such as colouring matter, dispersants or viscosity modifiers, may also be present. This liquid suspension is intended for coating the surface of paper or board.
3.5.4.4
coating pigment
element of coating colour (3.5.4.3) of mineral origin, insoluble and inorganic, of various shapes and sizes, used to typically modify optical properties, surface properties and printability of paper and board
EXAMPLE Calcium carbonate, talc, clay, titan dioxide.
Note 1 to entry: Coating pigment and filler (3.4.3.2) can be the same substance, but coating pigment is usually of higher quality – smaller particle size and higher brightness.
3.5.4.5
pigment coating
process to apply a coating colour onto paper or board
3.5.4.6
size-press coating
method of coating a continuous web of paper or board with a lightweight application of a coating colour by introducing it at the nip of two rolls (a size press) which can be vertical, horizontal or inclined
3.5.4.7
dip coating
method of coating a continuous web of paper by passing the web around a roll immersed in a pan containing coating colour
Note 1 to entry: The roll can be partially immersed for single-side coating, or totally immersed for two-sided coating.
Note 2 to entry: Suitable material can be a coating colour (3.5.4.3).
3.5.4.8
air-knife coating
air-jet coating
coating method in which the applied coating colour (3.5.4.3) is levelled and the excess removed by means of a uniform stream of compressed air (air knife) suitably directed from a slot placed across the machine in close proximity to the coated surface of the roll-supported web
3.5.4.9
brush coating
method of coating a continuous web of paper or board in which the applied coating colour is then distributed and smoothed by means of brushes, of which some are stationary, and some oscillate across the web
3.5.4.10
roll coating
method of coating a continuous web of paper or board in which the coating is applied directly to the paper by transfer from an applicator roll which carries the coating colour upon its surface
Note 1 to entry: The applicator roll may rotate in the same direction as the paper web or in the reverse direction (reverse roll).
3.5.4.11
gravure coating
roll coating method in which the applicator roll is supplied with coating material by or alternatively consists of a metal roll engraved with small closely spaced cells or depressions
3.5.4.12
smoothing roll coating
method of coating a continuous web of paper or board in which the applied coating colour is smoothed by means of small-diameter rolls, some of which may be rotating in a reverse direction to that of the web
3.5.4.13
blade coating
method of coating a continuous web of paper or board in which the amount of coating is controlled by means of a flexible metal blade which bears upon the coated surface of a roll-supported web immediately after application of the coating colour by any convenient coating process
3.5.4.14
rod coating
coating method in which the applied coating colour is levelled with a rod
Note 1 to entry: The rod can be smooth or defined in surface to level the coating.
3.5.4.15
rod bed
device to hold and continuously clean the coating rod system
3.5.4.16
curtain coating
method of coating paper or board by passing it through a continuous flowing curtain of the coating material, achieved by gravity and/or pressure
3.5.4.17
multilayer curtain coating
special version of curtain coating to combine several layers into one single coating process
Note 1 to entry: This enables very thin functional layers, e. g. for barriers.
3.5.4.18
cast-coated paper
cast-coated board
coated paper or board in which the coated surface is dried in contact with a highly polished metal surface, either in the form of a cylinder or a continuous belt
Note 1 to entry: Cast coated paper or board is a high-end art paper or board.
3.5.4.19
bubble-coated paper
coated paper in which the coating layer contains voids caused by minute air bubbles deliberately introduced into the coating colour
3.5.4.20
emulsion-coated paper
paper coated with polymers or resins applied in the form of an emulsion
3.5.4.21
extrusion coating
method of coating a continuous web of paper or board with resins, plastics or similar compounds, applying the coating through an extruder die positioned immediately above the nip between a supporting roll and a chill roll
3.5.4.22
hot-melt coating
method of coating with a 100 % solid compound of wax, resin or polymer, or mixture thereof, heated to a fluid state and applied to the substrate by, for example, a roll, gravure or extrusion coating process with a subsequent chilling device
3.5.4.23
solvent-coated paper
paper coated with resins or plastics dissolved in volatile solvents which are subsequently evaporated
3.5.4.24
barrier coating
process to apply a barrier material to one or both surfaces of paper or board
Note 1 to entry: Barrier coating is intended to provide resistance against penetration of either oxygen, water, water vapour, grease/oil, odour and/or flavour.
3.5.4.25
laminating
process of applying, to one or both surfaces of a paper or board, one or more layers of materials in solid form
Note 1 to entry: The additional material can be paper, board, plastic film, natural (bio-based) polymers, aluminium, etc., mainly providing barrier and/or optical properties.
Note 2 to entry: The lamination can take place online or offline.
Note 3 to entry: Typically, an adhesion promoter is applied.
3.5.5 Finishing
3.5.5.1
splice
joint in a paper or board in the cross-direction, made either by an adhesive or an adhesive strip
Note 1 to entry: A splice can be used, for example, to obtain a reel of the desired size, or to permit a continuous operation between the end of one reel and the beginning of the next.
3.5.5.2
slitting
dividing a web of paper or board in the longitudinal direction into two or more narrower webs
3.5.5.3
cutting
dividing one, or simultaneously more than one, web of paper or board in the cross-direction to produce sheets
3.5.5.4
sheet
<paper or board> piece of paper or board, generally rectangular
3.5.5.5
trimmings, pl
pieces of paper or board other than the offcuts removed during processing
3.5.5.6
guillotine trimming
operation of cutting away the edges of a pile of sheets of paper or board so as to produce sheets with clean edges, exactness of angle and of a specific size
3.5.5.7
guillotining
dividing a roll, a sheet or sheets of paper or board by means of a rigid knife
3.5.5.8
squaring
operation in which sheets of paper or board are produced to the desired sheet size with clean edges and four 90° angles
3.5.5.9
angle cutting
dividing one, or simultaneously more than one, web of paper or board at an angle other than a right angle to the machine direction to produce sheets, in particular for envelope making
3.5.5.10
side-run
reel, generally narrow, but wide enough to permit its use for purposes other than repulping, deliberately produced in addition to the main order to ensure that the machine fill is as close as possible to the maximum trimmed machine width
3.5.5.11
offcut
part of a sheet removed during processing, the size of which is smaller than the size ordered but is large enough to permit its use for purposes other than repulping
3.5.5.12
ream
pack of 500 identical sheets of paper
Note 1 to entry: In many countries it is common practice to use ream for other quantities, for example 480 sheets, thus affecting the quire. For quantities other than 500 sheets, a different term, such as pack, should be used.
3.5.5.13
quire
one twentieth of a ream (3.5.5.12), i.e. 25 sheets
3.6 Paper grades
3.6.1 Graphic papers
3.6.1.1
newsprint
uncoated light weight paper intended for the printing of low and medium print quality periodicals
Note 1 to entry: The furnish is predominantly mechanical pulp and/or recycled pulp.
Note 2 to entry: Newsprint is white, off-white or slightly coloured and is supplied in reels for offset, flexo or rotogravure printing.
3.6.1.2
standard newsprint
uncoated light weight paper intended for the printing of newspapers and flyers
Note 1 to entry: The furnish is predominantly mechanical pulp and/or recycled pulp and the basis weight typically 40 g/m2 to 52 g/m2, brightness < ISO 60.
3.6.1.3
improved newsprint
uncoated paper, usually intended for the printing of newspapers, flyers, leaflets, brochures, magazines
Note 1 to entry: The furnish is predominantly mechanical pulp and/or recycled pulp and the basis weight of improved newsprint typically is ≥ 52 g/m2, brightness ≥ ISO 60. Paper can be white or slightly coloured.
3.6.1.4
SC paper
uncoated light weight paper with high smoothness intended for the printing of flyers, leaflets, brochures and magazines
Note 1 to entry: The furnish is predominantly mechanical pulp and/or recycled pulp, the basis weight typically ≥ 52 g/m2 and the ISO brightness ≥ 60.
3.6.1.5
lightweight coated paper
LWC paper
coated paper with glossy or matt finish, mostly for catalogues, magazines and advertising material
Note 1 to entry: LWC paper is pigment-coated on both sides, either on- or off-machine.
Note 2 to entry: The furnish is predominantly mechanical pulp and/or recycled pulp, the basis weight typically ≤ 72 g/m2.
3.6.1.6
ultra-lightweight coated paper
ULWC paper
lightweight coated paper typically used for publications distributed through the mail in which weight is a critical cost factor
Note 1 to entry: Printing is usually done by using offset or rotogravure process.
Note 2 to entry: ULWC paper is pigment-coated on both sides, either on- or off-machine.
Note 3 to entry: The furnish is predominantly mechanical pulp and/or recycled pulp and the basis weight typically ≤ 40 g/m2.
3.6.1.7
medium weight coated paper
MWC paper
coated paper with glossy or matt finish, mostly for catalogues, magazines and advertising material
Note 1 to entry: Printing is usually done by using offset or rotogravure process.
Note 2 to entry: MWC paper is pigment-coated on both sides, either on- or off-machine.
Note 3 to entry: The furnish is predominantly mechanical pulp and/or recycled pulp and the basis weight > 72 g/m2.
3.6.1.8
offset paper
printing paper that is specifically manufactured for the offset printing process
3.6.1.9
coldset web offset paper
CSWO
newsprint paper, typically used for printing newspapers by the coldset offset process
3.6.1.10
heatset web offset paper
HSWO
newsprint paper, typically used for commercial printing products by the heatset offset process
Note 1 to entry: Typically, the commercial print products are flyers, leaflets, brochures and the like.
3.6.1.11
copy paper
laser printer paper
electrophotographic paper
photocopying paper
paper, usually uncoated, suitable for dry toner imaging
3.6.1.12
multi-purpose office paper
paper, usually uncoated, suitable for production of printouts and duplicates of original files or images
Note 1 to entry: Typical processes are photocopying, ink jet and dry toner printing.
3.6.1.13
typewriting paper
paper intended principally to receive an initial type-script and having good resistance to the impact of the type of a typewriter and to erasure
Note 1 to entry: Typewriting paper is adequately sized and typically of high mechanical strength.
3.6.1.14
blotting paper
type of absorbent paper of low apparent density, intended for the complete and rapid absorption of surplus aqueous ink from a manuscript
3.6.1.15
ink-jet paper
paper with specific surface treatment to make it suitable for ink-jet printing
3.6.1.16
bond paper
sized writing or printing paper, sometimes containing cotton fibres, often watermarked and typically woodfree, with additional requirements of strength and durability in order to be able to withstand handling and filing
3.6.1.17
archival paper
paper of high permanence and high durability
[SOURCE: ISO 11108:2025, 3.2]
3.6.1.18
permanent paper
paper which during long-term storage in libraries, archives and other protected environments, will undergo little or no change in properties that affect use
[SOURCE: ISO 9706:2025, 3.3, modified — Note 2 to entry was deleted.]
3.6.1.19
ledger paper
durable paper used for bookkeeping, records, policies, legal documents and long-life forms
Note 1 to entry: The properties are: fully-sized, woodfree or cotton-containing, with a grammage (3.8.1.1)between 80 g/m2 and 130 g/m2.
3.6.1.20
art paper
art board
high quality, coated paper or board with a surface suitable for fine-screen, multi-colour printing or block printing
Note 1 to entry: Coated paper or board is generally woodfree.
3.6.1.21
imitation art paper
paper with a very high filler content and heavily calendered in order to give it a surface satisfactory for, amongst other things, fine screen printing
3.6.1.22
drawing paper
medium to high-grade paper used for technical or artistic purposes, free of specks, with a high resistance to erasure and with a furnish varying from a bleached chemical pulp to 100 % cotton fibre
Note 1 to entry: Drawing paper can be opaque (3.6.1.23) or translucent (3.6.1.24).
3.6.1.23
opaque drawing paper
medium to high-grade drawing paper (3.6.1.22) used for technical or artistic purposes
3.6.1.24
translucent drawing paper
tracing paper
paper suitable for drawing office use, sufficiently translucent for an image on it to be reproduced by processes using transmitted light and for a design to be traced on it from an original placed beneath it
Note 1 to entry: Translucent drawing paper is made by using highly refined chemical pulp.
3.6.1.25
bible paper
thin, dense, opaque printing paper
Note 1 to entry: Free from mechanical pulp.
3.6.1.26
directory paper
uncoated mechanical content paper, usually intended for the printing of telephone directories
Note 1 to entry: Grammage (3.8.1.1) ≥ 28 g/m2, white or slightly coloured.
3.6.1.27
book paper
uncoated or coated paper, usually intended for the printing of books (but also magazines and advertising material)
Note 1 to entry: The paper can be made of mechanical, woodfree and/or recycled pulp. The surface can be coated or uncoated. It can be white or slightly coloured.
3.6.1.28
map paper
printing paper, suitable to produce maps
Note 1 to entry: Typical properties: free from mechanical pulp, heavily sized, possibly wet strengthened, with good strength properties, particularly resistant to tearing, folding and abrasion, and having a high dimensional stability.
3.6.1.29
poster paper
printing paper intended for outdoor use during a limited period for purposes such as advertising or marketing
Note 1 to entry: The paper has a controlled water absorption capacity and opacity, it is generally machine-glazed.
3.6.1.30
security paper
safety paper
paper which incorporates identification and anti-falsification features to deter and reveal counterfeiting and alteration or attempts at alteration
3.6.1.31
banknote paper
durable security paper, typically based on cotton fibres, with built-in security features
Note 1 to entry: The paper is suitable for multi-colour printing and having a high folding endurance.
3.6.1.32
carbon paper
paper coated to transfer pigment by pressure, used for making copies simultaneously with the original manuscript or typescript
3.6.1.33
carbonising base paper
lightweight, strong paper suitable for pigmented coating, ideal for creating carbon copies
3.6.1.34
carbonless copy paper
paper, coated with other substances than carbon, for obtaining copies by localised pressure without carbon sheets
3.6.1.35
thermal sensitive paper
paper with a one-sided application of heat-sensitive coating used to produce high-resolution copies from reception of electrical impulses
3.6.1.36
ivory board
board, made from bleached chemical pulp, and suitable for printing and writing
Note 1 to entry: It is characterized by its sizing, smoothness, stiffness, clean appearance and even look-through. It can be used, for example, for visiting cards, menus and similar products.
Note 2 to entry: It is generally above 150 g/m2, or board consisting of one ply, or more plies not combined by pasting.
Note 3 to entry: In some regions, this is called bristol.
3.6.1.37
photographic paper
coated paper on which images can be created by a photosensitive process
Note 1 to entry: The paper is of even formation, generally wet-strength, dimensionally and chemically inert and free from impurities which could adversely affect the photosensitive coating or the photographic image.
3.6.1.38
base paper for diazotype
paper suitable for diazotype coating
Note 1 to entry: Made of bleached chemical pulp, sized smooth, having high folding and tearing strengths, chemically inert and free from metallic ions which could adversely affect the photo-chemical process.
3.6.2 Cardboard, containerboard and corrugated materials
3.6.2.1
cartonboard
board, coated or uncoated, intended for the manufacture of cartons, and having good scoring and folding properties
3.6.2.2
underliner
<cartonboard> furnish layer of a board situated between the top layer and the middle
3.6.2.3
millboard
homogeneous board usually made from recycled pulp on an intermittent board machine
Note 1 to entry: Generally, the thicknesses is greater than 1 mm.
3.6.2.4
glazed millboard
dense, stiff, very rigid, smooth and water-resistant millboard (3.6.2.3)
3.6.2.5
chipboard
board, commonly of low grade, made on a continuous machine from recycled pulp
3.6.2.6
lined chipboard
chipboard of which one or both sides are of different composition from the middle
3.6.2.7
white lined chipboard
WLC
cartonboard containing recycled fibres, one or both external furnish layers are composed of deinked recycled pulp, bleached chemical pulp and/or pigment coating
3.6.2.8
solid board
board comprising of a single furnish layer
3.6.2.9
solid fibreboard
board, which can be pasted or unpasted, often incorporating a lining of kraft or other strong furnish intended, and suitable for the manufacture of packing cases and drums
Note 1 to entry: Solid fibreboard generally has a grammage (3.8.1.1) above 600 g/m2.
3.6.2.10
solid bleached board
SBB
Solid bleached sulphate
SBS
cartonboard made of bleached chemical pulp, uncoated, pigment coated or cast coated
3.6.2.11
solid unbleached board
SUB
Solid unbleached sulphate
SUS
cartonboard made of chemical pulp and with a white top layer, uncoated or coated
Note 1 to entry: The middle layer is always, the back layer typically made of unbleached chemical pulp.
3.6.2.12
folding boxboard
FBB
cartonboard made of virgin fibres, uncoated, pigment coated or cast coated
Note 1 to entry: Typically, the middle layer(s) consist of mechanical pulp, CTMP (3.2.1.14) or BCTMP (3.2.1.15), which is sandwiched between layers of chemical pulp.
Note 2 to entry: The corresponding product containing recycled fibres is called white lined chipboard (3.6.2.7).
3.6.2.13
plaster liner board
board intended to become the outer surface of gypsum plaster board to be used for internal walls of buildings
3.6.2.14
bookbinding board
board used as a component in making covers of bound books
3.6.2.15
board for forming
board prepared for forming a three-dimensional article, by pressing, printing, die-cutting and mostly gluing
EXAMPLE: A three-dimensional article is a carton or a box.
Note 1 to entry: In case of pressing, high stretch is an important property.
3.6.2.16
shoe board
board suitable for use in the manufacture of shoe components
3.6.2.17
suitcase board
board intended primarily for the manufacture of travel goods
Note 1 to entry: It is typically sized, dense, strong, suitable for pressing, folding, forming, bending and riveting, and capable of being sewn and of receiving an appropriate surface application, generally to obtain water resistance and to improve appearance and other properties.
3.6.2.18
leatherfibre board
board generally manufactured on an intermittent board machine and having not less than 50 % leather content
3.6.2.19
containerboard
base paper or board to be used to produce corrugated fibreboard
3.6.2.20
corrugated fibreboard
corrugated board
corrugated cardboard
board consisting of one or more plies of fluted paper glued to a flat ply of paper or board or between several flat plies
3.6.2.21
single-faced corrugated fibreboard
corrugated fibreboard consisting of one ply of fluted paper glued to one flat ply of paper or board
3.6.2.22
single-wall corrugated fibreboard
double-faced corrugated board
fluted fibreboard consisting of one ply of fluted paper glued between two flat plies of paper or board
3.6.2.23
double-wall corrugated fibreboard
double-double-faced corrugated fibreboard
board consisting of two plies of fluted paper interposed between and glued to three flat plies of paper or board
3.6.2.24
triple-wall corrugated fibreboard
fluted fibreboard consisting of three plies of fluted paper interposed between and glued to four flat plies of paper or board
3.6.2.25
dual paper
dual containerboard
paper which can be either used as outer layer or as fluting in the production of corrugated board
Note 1 to entry: It is predominantly based on recycled pulp.
3.6.2.26
liner
linerboard
<containerboard> paper or board used as the outer layer in the production of corrugated fibreboard or solid fibreboard
3.6.2.27
intermediate liner
paper ply that is located between the fluted paper plies of a multi-wall corrugated board
3.6.2.28
kraftliner
linerboard, uncoated or coated, made mainly from kraft pulp, with certain strength properties
3.6.2.29
kraft top liner
linerboard with a bottom layer based on recycled pulp and a top layer predominantly made from kraft pulp
3.6.2.30
testliner
linerboard, uncoated or coated, made predominantly or totally from recycled pulp
3.6.2.31
white top liner
linerboard, uncoated or coated, with one white outer layer
3.6.2.32
white top testliner
WTTL
linerboard, uncoated or coated, with one white outer layer and made predominantly or totally from recycled pulp
3.6.2.33
fluting paper
fluting board
corrugating medium
corrugating base paper
corrugating base board
paper or board intended for the manufacture of fluted paper
3.6.2.34
fluted paper
fluting
paper which has undergone a process resulting in a pattern of regular and permanent undulations
3.6.3 Other packaging papers
3.6.3.1
liquid packaging board
board designed for the manufacture of liquid packaging cartons
3.6.3.2
envelope paper
paper for the manufacture of correspondence envelopes and pockets
Note 1 to entry: Paper needs suitable strength and shall be capable of receiving handwriting, printing and the application of an appropriate adhesive.
3.6.3.3
wrapping paper
paper intended for containing, protecting or decoratively presenting products
3.6.3.4
anti-slip paper
coated paper used to stabilise loads by increasing the coefficient of friction between the layers on a pallet
Note 1 to entry: Anti-slip paper can be fully coated or in alternate stripes pattern with anti-slip solutions.
3.6.3.5
anti-rust paper
paper in which certain substances have been incorporated which give it the property of protecting the surfaces of ferrous metals against rusting
3.6.3.6
non-rust paper
paper rendered free from chemical substances liable to rust ferrous metals
3.6.3.7
anti-tarnish paper
paper in which certain substances have been incorporated which give it the property of protecting bright metallic surfaces against tarnishing
3.6.3.8
non-tarnish paper
paper rendered free from chemical substances liable to tarnish metallic articles
3.6.3.9
interleaving paper
kraft paper (3.5.1.8) with additional strength and cleanliness properties which is used to protect high-quality stainless-steel rolls and sheets
3.6.3.10
direct food-contact paper
direct food-contact board
paper or board for physical contact with foodstuff
Note 1 to entry: In compliance with relevant food legislation.
3.6.3.11
flexible packaging paper
paper to produce flexible packaging, coated or uncoated, machine-finished or machine-glazed, with distinct features for their intended converting
Note 1 to entry: Flexible packaging is characterised by changing its shape when filled or used.
3.6.3.12
glassine paper
translucent and smooth paper that is resistant to air, moisture and grease
Note 1 to entry: Glassine paper is made from chemical pulp and manufactured by pulp refining and supercalendering.
Note 2 to entry: An important use of glassine paper is release paper (3.6.5.5).
3.6.3.13
grease-resistant paper
grease-resistant board
paper or board having good to high resistance to penetration by grease or fats
Note 1 to entry: Some grades cannot be penetrated to any appreciable extent by grease or fats (see, for example, carbonizing base paper).
3.6.3.14
greaseproof paper
paper having a very high resistance to penetration of grease or fats
Note 1 to entry: This resistance is obtained mainly by intensive mechanical treatment during stock preparation or by addition of certain chemicals; paper is free from mechanical pulp.
3.6.3.15
waterleaf paper
absorbent paper containing no internal or surface size
Note 1 to entry: It can be used as manufactured paper (for example filter paper, blotting paper), or it can be used as a base paper.
3.6.3.16
vegetable parchment
paper that has been modified by the action of sulfuric acid
Note 1 to entry: This treatment gives it a continuous texture, increases surface hardness and gives it a high degree of resistance to penetration by organic liquids generally, and particularly fats, oils and greases. The structure also confers on the paper resistance to disintegration by water, even boiling water.
Note 2 to entry: Vegetable parchment and greaseproof papers have similar applications but the production technology is different.
Note 3 to entry: The base paper for vegetable parchment is waterleaf paper (3.6.3.15).
3.6.3.17
sack paper
paper characterized by its strength, resistance and elongation properties in all directions and used as a basic raw material in sack manufacture
Note 1 to entry: It may be produced from softwood sulphate pulp, from recycled pulp or from a combination of these.
Note 2 to entry: The main strength property is TEA (tensile energy absorption).
[SOURCE: ISO 6590-1:2025, 3.10.1, modified — Note 1 to entry and Note 2 to entry are modified.]
3.6.3.18
liner
<sleeve> creased corrugated fibreboard or solid fibreboard sheet inserted as a sleeve in a container and covering all side walls
3.6.4 Tissue paper and tissue products
The terminology related especially to tissue paper and tissue products is defined in ISO 12625-1.
3.6.5 Technical and other paper and board
3.6.5.1
speciality paper
speciality board
paper or board with distinct features and applications designated for niche markets
Note 1 to entry: The allocation to speciality paper and speciality board can be dynamic and change over time due to market development.
3.6.5.2
wet-strength paper
paper so treated as to retain certain strength properties upon wetting
Note 1 to entry: Other strength properties, such as compressive strength and stiffness, are possibly not affected.
3.6.5.3
wet-glue label paper
paper typically one-side coated, used for wet-glue labels
Note 1 to entry: Wet-glue label paper can be wet-strength or non-wet-strength and does not have any restrictions on the furnish.
3.6.5.4
self-adhesive label paper
pressure sensitive label paper
facestock
paper, typically one-side coated, used for self-adhesive labels
Note 1 to entry: During label production, the backside is glue treated and then attached to a siliconized release paper (3.6.5.5) to enable peel-off, dispensed onto product etc.
3.6.5.5
release paper
separating paper
paper that is intended for protective backings and which has been chemically treated or coated to release readily from tacky and pressure-sensitive adhesive surfaces
3.6.5.6
crepe paper
lightweight paper with a specific rough texture made of pleats or wrinkles, giving it elastic and stretchable properties
Note 1 to entry: This pleating process not only gives it its rough appearance but also enhances its strength.
Note 2 to entry: There are several types and uses of crepe paper, e.g. handicrafts, decorations, costume making, industrial packaging, insulation and protection in the manufacture of transformers and electrical cables, gift.
3.6.5.7
water-finished paper
water-finished board
paper or board with a high finish obtained by dampening one or both sides of the web with a film of water, usually applied by water doctors, during its passage through the machine stack
3.6.5.8
calender-roll paper
calender-bowl paper
paper intended to form calender bowls by piling up under pressure
Note 1 to entry: Calender-roll paper shall be compressible and should have good strength at high temperature.
3.6.5.9
cigarette paper
lightweight paper, suitable for the manufacture of cigarettes
Note 1 to entry: Unsized, contains fillers and/or additives in order that its combustibility may be adapted to that of tobacco; it is resistant to tearing and rubbing, and capable of being reeled in small widths.
3.6.5.10
filter paper
paper intended to provide selective retention of particles from a fluid suspension or from a gas
3.6.5.11
insulating paper
insulating board
paper or board which is intended to impede the transmission of certain forms of energy
EXAMPLE: Forms of energy are heat, sound, electricity, etc.
3.6.5.12
electrical insulating paper
electrical insulating board
paper or board used by the electrical industry for insulation
Note 1 to entry: Paper shall have certain properties, such as high dielectric strength, durability, absence of conductive metallic particles or other conductive materials, uniformity in thickness and formation, etc.
3.6.5.13
pressboard
board typically made on an intermittent board machine from pulp of entirely natural vegetable origin and of high chemical purity
Note 1 to entry: It is characterized by its relatively high density, even thickness, surface smoothness, high mechanical strength, flexibility, and electrical insulating properties. For some purpose, the surface may be textured.
3.6.5.14
paper for conductor insulation
paper intended for insulating purposes in electrical conductors
3.6.5.15
paper for laminated insulators
unsized, neutral paper with a high dielectric strength intended for the manufacture of laminated insulators
3.6.5.16
condenser paper
capacitor tissue paper
insulating paper, generally lightweight, used in the manufacture of the dielectric of electrical capacitors
3.6.5.17
fire-resistant paper
fire-resistant board
paper or board which has been given a treatment designed to give it a certain degree of non-flammability and/or degree of non-combustibility
3.6.5.18
masking paper
kraft paper (3.5.1.8) used in the automotive industry for masking, where the high level of refining of the paper gives a naturally closed sheet and thereby protects the covered surface
3.6.5.19
mulching paper
kraft paper (3.5.1.8) that is used to cover the soil to improve soil condition and plant growth
Note 1 to entry: Mulching paper creates a protective cover around plant root to make favourable conditions for growth.
3.6.5.20
core board
cardboard, single-ply or multi-ply, manufactured and specifically equipped for the production of sleeves, cores, round and non-round containers
3.6.5.21
paper for textile paper tubes
paper intended for the manufacture of tubes onto which yarn is wound during processing, for example during spinning or doubling
3.6.5.22
presspahn
transformer board
hard, glossy, heavily calendered pressboard or presspaper
3.6.5.23
presspaper
multi-ply paper made by a continuous process from pulp entirely of vegetable origin and of high chemical purity
Note 1 to entry: It is characterized by its density, even thickness, surface smoothness, high mechanical strength, ageing resistance, and electrical insulating properties.
3.6.5.24
saturating paper
paper intended to be saturated with such materials as latex, thermoplastic resin, and thermosetting resin
3.6.5.25
spinning paper
paper having a particularly high tensile strength in the machine direction, suitable for spinning into twine or cord
3.6.5.26
tarred brown paper
paper coated or impregnated with tar from coal, wood, bitumen or similar material, having some resistance to the transmission of water and water vapour
3.6.5.27
wallpaper base
paper intended to receive on one side either a coating or a print, or both, the other side being intended for the application of paste or another adhesive
Note 1 to entry: This base paper shall be suitable for conversion to wallpaper, and for hanging.
3.6.5.28
liner
liner ply
<multi-ply paper or board> top sheet of a different furnish in a multi-ply product
Note 1 to entry: Liner according to this definition is often applied for decorative purposes.
3.7 Converting and converted products
3.7.1 General
3.7.1.1
converting
manufacture of products by processes or operations applied after the normal paper or board manufacturing process
EXAMPLE Waxing, gumming, off-machine coating, bag manufacture, box and container (carton) manufacture.
3.7.1.2
paper-based packaging
product, based on paper and/or cardboard, suitable to pack filling goods
Note 1 to entry: Design and properties of the fibre-based packaging typically are specific for the respective filling goods.
3.7.1.3
paper-based composite
article made of two or more different materials of which paper or board is the major one and which cannot be separated manually
3.7.1.4
combination packaging
multi-part retail packaging that consists of different materials separable by hand
3.7.2 Graphic products
3.7.2.1
carbonised form
sets of paper with pressure-transferable pigmented coating for obtaining copies without separate carbon sheets
3.7.2.2
carbonless copy-paper form
sets of carbonless copy paper assembled into sheets, continuous forms, or books
3.7.2.3
multicopy business form
form of which one or more copies are produced in a single operation of applying local pressure by writing, typing or impact printing
EXAMPLE Usage of interjacent carbon sheets, carbonised form and carbonless copy papers.
3.7.3 Packaging products
3.7.3.1
liquid packaging carton
beverage carton
drink carton
food carton
closed multi-layer board composite packaging mainly used for beverages or foods and in which liquid packaging board is the main material
Note 1 to entry: The most typical types include but is not limited to: brick and gable top shaped cartons.
Note 2 to entry: Depending on the product to be filled and the desired shelf-life, liquid packaging cartons can be aseptic, non-aseptic or retorted.
Note 3 to entry: Drinking cups, plates and trays are not covered by this definition.
3.7.3.2
paper bag
converted packaging product, typically made from one kraft paper layer, with or without handle, suitable for carrying or containing small quantities of goods
3.7.3.3
paper sack
flexible packaging of single or multiple plies, predominantly made of paper
Note 1 to entry: Suitable for packaging large quantities of powdery or granulate products mainly intended for business-to-business distribution chains activities.
[SOURCE: ISO 6590-1:2025, 3.1.1, modified — Note 2 to entry is deleted.]
3.7.3.4
correspondence envelope
correspondence pocket
flat case, rectangular in shape and generally made from one sheet of paper, folded so as to provide a plain front and a back consisting of four overlapping flaps
Note 1 to entry: Generally, three flaps (but occasionally only two) are stuck together, the fourth, which can be gummed or ungummed, serving as a closure. This fourth flap can be either on the long side (banker shape) or on the short side (pocket shape) of the rectangle. The front and/or back of the envelope or pocket may have one or more transparent windows.
3.7.3.5
paper cup
pre-formed container made of paperboard designed to hold liquids such as beverages for consumption
Note 1 to entry: Paper cups can be coated or treated to prevent liquid from leaking and can come with or without lids.
3.7.3.6
paper tray
shallow, flat receptacle made of paperboard or moulded pulp designed to hold, carry, or display food or other items
Note 1 to entry: Paper trays can come in various shapes and sizes to accommodate different uses and can be coated or treated to meet product requirements.
3.7.4 Technical and other products
3.7.4.1
gumming
operation consisting in applying a suitable adhesive to the whole or a part of the surface of a sheet of paper or board
3.7.4.2
pasting
operation in which one or more webs or sheets of paper, board or other materials are adhered to the whole surface of another sheet or web of paper or board by means of a suitable adhesive
3.7.4.3
pasted paper
pasted board
paper or board produced by the operation of pasting two or more papers or boards of similar or different compositions
3.7.4.4
reinforced paper
reinforced board
paper or board that has been strengthened mechanically by the incorporation of materials or specific surface treatments
Note 1 to entry: Incorporated materials can be strips of metal or natural or synthetic threads of cloth.
3.7.4.5
waxed paper
waxed board
paper or board treated with paraffin wax and/or other waxes by impregnation or surface application
3.8 Properties
3.8.1 Basic properties
3.8.1.1
grammage
basis weight
mass of a unit area of paper or board
Note 1 to entry: The grammage is expressed in grams per square metre.
[SOURCE: ISO 536:2019, 3.1, modified — Phrase “by a specific method of test” was deleted.]
3.8.1.2
dry matter content
dry solids content
ratio of the mass of a material, after to its mass at the time of sampling
Note 1 to entry: The dry matter content is usually expressed as a mass percentage.
[SOURCE: ISO 638-1:2022, 3.3, modified — “test piece“ is replaced by “material”, “before drying” is replaced by “time of sampling” and “drying to constant mass at a temperature of 105 °C ± 2 °C under specified conditions,” and in Note 1 to entry “fraction” was deleted.]
3.8.1.3
moisture content
content of water in paper or board
Note 1 to entry: The moisture content is normally expressed as a percentage mass fraction.
[SOURCE: ISO 287:2017, 3.1, modified — The formula and the phrase “i.e. the ratio of the loss of mass of a test piece, when dried under specified conditions, to its mass at the time of sampling” were deleted.]
3.8.1.4
relative humidity
RH
ratio, expressed as a percentage, of the actual water vapour content of the air to the water vapour content of air saturated with water vapour at the same temperature and pressure
[SOURCE: ISO 187:2022, 3.1]
3.8.1.5
air-dry
condition at which the moisture content is in equilibrium with the ambient atmosphere
3.8.1.6
oven-dry
condition at which water and other volatile substances are evaporated by drying pulp or paper in an oven
Note 1 to entry: In the paper sector it is usual to dry at 105 °C; the achieved condition is commonly named “bone-dry”.
3.8.1.7
dry pulp
air-dry pulp
pulp of which the moisture content is in equilibrium with the ambient atmosphere
Note 1 to entry: In trade habits, dry pulp and air-dry pulp mean 90 % absolutely dry pulp and 10 % water.
3.8.1.8
residue on ignition
ash content
ratio of the mass of residue left after incineration of a specimen (3.8.9.2) of pulp, paper or board at a defined temperature to the oven-dry mass of the specimen
Note 1 to entry: Residue on ignition is covered in ISO 1762 and ISO 2144.
3.8.1.9
runnability
property of paper and board to run at high speed and correct quality through further processing
3.8.2 Pulp properties
3.8.2.1
fibre coarseness
mass (oven dry) per unit length of a particular type of fibre
Note 1 to entry: Fibre coarseness is generally expressed in milligrams per metre.
[SOURCE: ISO 9184-1:2023, 3.2, modified — The symbol c was deleted.]
3.8.2.2
drainability
freeness
ease with which stock, when drained under gravity, parts with the water of the suspension
Note 1 to entry: The most common and standardised test methods are Schopper-Riegler (ISO 5267-1) and “Canadian Standard” Freeness (ISO 5267-2).
Note 2 to entry: Depending on the test method used, the drainability can be expressed as “Schopper-Riegler value”, as “SR number”, or as “CSF number”.
3.8.3 Dimensional properties
3.8.3.1
size
<paper sheet> dimensions of a sheet of paper or board in the plane
Note 1 to entry: Size is expressed in the following order: width, length, the width being the dimension in the cross direction of the web.
Note 2 to entry: See ISO 217:2013 as well.
3.8.3.2
untrimmed size
dimensions of a sheet of paper or board, sufficiently large to allow a trimmed size to be obtained from it as required
[SOURCE: ISO 217:2013, 3.4, modified — The term “board” was added into the definition.]
3.8.3.3
trimmed size
final dimensions of a sheet of paper or board
[SOURCE: ISO 216:2007, 3.3]
3.8.3.4
machine direction
MD
direction in a paper or a board parallel to the direction of travel of the web on the paper or board machine
3.8.3.5
cross-direction
CD
direction in a paper or a board perpendicular to the machine direction
3.8.3.6
z-direction
direction perpendicular to the plane of a sheet of paper or board
3.8.3.7
thickness
caliper
distance between one surface of a paper or board to the other
Note 1 to entry: Thickness is a generic term for single sheet thickness and bulking thickness.
3.8.3.8
density
<paper or board> quotient of grammage (3.8.1.1) divided by thickness (3.8.3.7)
Note 1 to entry: Density is the reciprocal of bulk (3.8.3.9).
Note 2 to entry: For further details, see ISO 534.
3.8.3.9
bulk
<paper or board> quotient of thickness divided by grammage (3.8.1.1)
Note 1 to entry: Bulk is the reciprocal of density (3.8.3.8).
Note 2 to entry: For further details, see ISO 534.
3.8.3.10
dimensional stability
ability of a paper or board to retain its dimensions and its shape despite changes in its moisture content under the influence of, for example, variations of the surrounding atmosphere, or despite variations of the physical and mechanical stresses during printing and converting operations or use
Note 1 to entry: This term has hitherto commonly but incorrectly, been used to relate only the hygro-stability.
3.8.3.11
hygro-stability
ability of a paper or board to retain its dimensions or shape despite changes in its moisture content
3.8.4 Structural and surface properties
3.8.4.1
formation
manner in which the fibres are distributed, disposed and intermixed to constitute the paper
Note 1 to entry: If the focus is on the optical aspect, show-through (3.8.4.24) is often used.
Note 2 to entry: It is characterized by the evenness of the visual aspect of the structure when observed by transmission.
3.8.4.2
smoothness
degree of relief of a paper or board surface, describing its evenness
Note 1 to entry: Some measurement devices use air leaking between the surfaces of the test piece (3.8.9.3) and a plane.
Note 2 to entry: The property is called smoothness when, for a given test method, increasing numerical test values indicate an increasingly smooth surface.
3.8.4.3
roughness
degree of relief of a paper or board surface, describing its unevenness
Note 1 to entry: Some measurement devices use air leaking between the surfaces of the test piece (3.8.9.3) and a plane.
Note 2 to entry: The property is called roughness when, for a given test method, increasing numerical test values indicate an increasingly rough surface.
3.8.4.4
watermark
deliberately produced design or pattern in paper, visible when viewed against a contrasting background
3.8.4.5
true watermark
watermark (3.8.4.4) caused by fibre layer density variation
Note 1 to entry: This type of watermark is produced on cylinder mould machine or by hand with a wire mould.
3.8.4.6
laid line
continuous watermark (3.8.4.4) consisting of very close parallel lines, generally associated with spaced lines (chain lines) at right angles to these
3.8.4.7
rubber mark
artificial watermark
pattern imparted to the paper during manufacture on the machine by passing the wet web through a marking press or another suitable device.
3.8.4.8
simulated watermark
pattern, similar in appearance to a watermark, imparted to the finished paper by mechanical means or by the application of appropriate materials
3.8.4.9
finish
surface characteristics imparted to paper or board by mechanical means
EXAMPLE Characteristics made by calendaring.
3.8.4.10
flatness
condition of paper or board when it has no curl, cockle, twist or wave
3.8.4.11
curl
<sheet> deviation from a flat surface
Note 1 to entry: Curl measurement has three major components: Curl magnitude, the angle of the curl axis in relation to the paper or board’s machine direction, and the side towards which the sheet curls.
Note 2 to entry: Different ISO standards exist for measuring curl of a single sheet (see ISO 11556) and curl in a pack of sheets (see ISO 14968).
3.8.4.12
cockle
local deformation of a sheet of paper due to unequal shrinkage giving it a slightly crumpled appearance
3.8.4.13
cockle finish
ripple-like finish deliberately produced by shrinkage during drying under little or no tension
3.8.4.14
wave
waviness
distortion of the paper, generally at the edges and usually in the cross-direction
3.8.4.15
blister
local visible deformation of the surface of a paper, or in the coating, caused by a bubble produced by the rapid evaporation of water contained in the sheet
3.8.4.16
blow
pocket of air remaining between two furnish layers or plies
3.8.4.17
crushing
<paper-making> defect in paper caused by disturbance of the formation of the already formed wet web by excess pressure and visible as a local clotting
3.8.4.18
crushing
<calendering> defect occurring during calendering of paper, visible as local areas of greater translucency or as holes, or possibly as blackening
3.8.4.19
two-sidedness
difference of varying degree in surface texture, shade or other property existing between the two surfaces of a paper or board, which may be inherent in the method of manufacture
3.8.4.20
wire mark
impression left on the paper or board by the mesh of the wire on which the web was formed
3.8.4.21
felt mark
impression left on the paper or board by the paper-machine felt
3.8.4.22
suction roll mark
impression left on the paper or board by the suction roll
3.8.4.23
calender roll mark
impression left on the paper or board by the calender roll
3.8.4.24
show-through
look-through
structural appearance of a sheet of paper observed in diffuse transmitted light
Note 1 to entry: This is an indication of formation.
3.8.4.25
absorbency
water absorptiveness
ability of a paper or board to take up and retain a liquid with which it is in contact
3.8.4.26
water absorption
Cobb value
mass of water absorbed per unit area under the specified conditions of test
Note 1 to entry: Cobb value pertains to the standard method in ISO 535.
[SOURCE: ISO 535:2023, 3.1 modified — The term “calculated” was deleted, “by 1 m2 of paper and board” was changed into “per unit area”, “of test” was added. Note 1 to entry was deleted and a new Note 1 to entry was added.]
3.8.4.27
capillary rise
distance a liquid will rise in a strip of paper or board suspended vertically with its lower end immersed in the liquid, the measurement being made by the standard test method
Note 1 to entry: Capillary rise is covered by ISO 8787:1986.
3.8.4.28
permeance
permeability
property which allows the passage of a liquid or gas through a sheet of paper or board
Note 1 to entry: Permeance is covered in ISO 5636 (all parts).
Note 2 to entry: It is incorrect to use the expression “porosity” to designate permeance.
Note 3 to entry: If the gas is air, air permeance is typically used.
3.8.4.29
static coefficient of friction
ratio of the static friction to the force applied perpendicularly to the two surfaces in a friction test
[SOURCE: ISO 15359:1999, 3.3, modified — The symbol µS is deleted.]
3.8.4.30
kinetic coefficient of friction
ratio of the kinetic friction to the force applied perpendicularly to the two surfaces in a friction test
[SOURCE: ISO 15359:1999, 3.5, modified — The symbol µK is deleted.]
3.8.5 Mechanical properties
3.8.5.1
tensile strength
maximum tensile force per unit width that a test piece (3.8.9.3) will withstand before breaking under the conditions defined in the standard test method
Note 1 to entry: For certain purposes, tensile strength is measured with wet paper and the results wet and dry compared.
[SOURCE: ISO 1924-2:2008, 3.1, modified — The term “paper and board” was changed into “a test piece” and Note 1 to entry was added.]
3.8.5.2
tensile index
tensile strength (3.8.5.1) divided by grammage (3.8.1.1)
Note 1 to entry: In past the breaking length was used instead of the tensile index.
[SOURCE: ISO 1924-2:2008, 3.2, modified — Note 1 to entry is added.]
3.8.5.3
breaking length
calculated limiting length of a strip of paper or board of any uniform width, beyond which, if such a strip were suspended by one end, it would break under its own weight
Note 1 to entry: Breaking length is calculated from the tensile strength (3.8.5.1) and the grammage (3.8.1.1).
[SOURCE: ISO/CD 1924-2:2025, 3.7, modified — Note 1 to entry is added.]
3.8.5.4
modulus of elasticity
maximum slope of the force-elongation curve multiplied by the initial length divided by the width and the thickness of the test piece (3.8.9.3)
Note 1 to entry: In paper, it is impractical to accurately measure the true thickness at every point, hence the measured cross-sectional area, and therefore the modulus, is only an approximation. Since paper is viscoelastic, the modulus is often best calculated using the maximum slope of the stress-strain curve.
[SOURCE: ISO 1924-2:2008, 3.8, modified — Note 1 to entry is revised and rephrased.]
3.8.5.5
tensile energy absorption
amount of energy per unit surface area of a test piece (3.8.9.3) of when it is strained to the maximum tensile force
Note 1 to entry: Surface area is calculated as test length multiplied by width.
[SOURCE: ISO 1924-2:2008, 3.6]
3.8.5.6
tensile energy absorption index
tensile energy absorption divided by grammage (3.8.1.1)
[SOURCE: ISO 1924-2:2008, 3.7]
3.8.5.7
strain at break
ratio of the measured elongation at the moment of rupture of a test piece (3.8.9.3) of paper, when extended under the conditions defined in the standard method of test, to the initial test length
[SOURCE: ISO 1924-2:2008, 3.5]
3.8.5.8
tearing resistance
mean force required to continue the tearing started by an initial cut in a single sheet of paper or board under the conditions defined in the standard test method
Note 1 to entry: Adapted from ISO 1974:2012, further details see there.
Note 2 to entry: Other test methods than the one described in ISO 1974 are commonly used as well.
3.8.5.9
tear index
tearing resistance of the paper or board divided by its grammage (3.8.1.1)
[SOURCE: ISO 1974:2012, 3.2, modified — The brackets of “(or board)” and the Note were deleted.]
3.8.5.10
zero-span
shortest possible span between the clamps that hold the sample (3.8.9.1)
Note 1 to entry: When clamps are adjusted to zero-span, a beam of light aimed between the two clamps is completely interrupted.
Note 2 to entry: Zero-span is used to determine the strength of the fibres.
[SOURCE: ISO 15361:2000, 3.2, modified — Part of the definition text was transferred to Note 1 to entry and Note 2 to entry was added.]
3.8.5.11
bending force
force necessary to deflect a rectangular test piece (3.8.9.3) through a defined bending angle
3.8.5.12
bending stiffness
degree of resistance of paper or board to bending, measured under specified conditions
Note 1 to entry: Resistance to bending is covered in ISO 2493-1 and ISO 2493-2.
3.8.5.13
bursting strength
maximum uniformly distributed pressure applied at right angle to its surface that a test piece (3.8.9.3) will stand before it breaks under the conditions defined in the standard test methods
Note 1 to entry: Adapted from ISO 2758:2014 and ISO 2759:2014.
3.8.5.14
burst index
bursting strength of a paper or board divided by the grammage (3.8.1.1)
Note 1 to entry: Adapted from ISO 2758:2014 and ISO 2759:2014.
3.8.5.15
compressive strength
maximum compressive force, often expressed per unit width or per unit surface that a test piece (3.8.9.3) of paper or board can withstand until the onset of failure
Note 1 to entry: Compressive strength is expressed in newtons, in kilonewtons per metre or in kilopascals depending on the testing procedure.
Note 2 to entry: Various tests can be performed to characterize the compression properties of papers and boards. On fluting paper and liner, short-span compressive test (SCT), concora medium test (CCT), flat crush resistance after laboratory fluting (CMT), and ring crush test (RCT) can be performed, on corrugated boards edgewise crush resistance test (ECT), flat crush resistance test (FCT), and on cores, axial crush resistance, flat crush resistance test (FCT).
Note 3 to entry: Flat crush resistance (FCT) is covered in ISO 3035, ISO 7263-1 and ISO 7263-2, edgewise crush resistance (ECT) is covered in ISO 3037 and ISO 13821 and ring crush resistance (RCT) is covered in ISO 12192.
3.8.5.16
folding endurance
logarithm (to the base 10) of the number of double folds required to cause rupture of the test piece (3.8.9.3) when tested under applied standard stress conditions
[SOURCE: ISO 5626:1993, 3.2]
3.8.5.17
puncture resistance
<board> energy required to reach perforation by a triangular pyramid head until complete tear and opening of a board material
Note 1 to entry: The puncture resistance is expressed in joules.
Note 2 to entry: Puncture resistance is covered in ISO 3036.
3.8.5.23
durability
ability of a paper to resist the effects of repeated use (wear and tear)
[SOURCE: ISO 11108:2025, 3.4, modified — The wording “wear and tear when in use“ is replaced with of repeated use (wear and tear)”.]
3.8.6 Optical properties
3.8.6.1
reflectance factor
ratio of the radiation reflected by a body to that reflected by a perfect reflecting diffuser under the same conditions
[SOURCE: ISO 2469:2024, 3.3 modified — The term “a surface element of” was changed into “a body”, “in the direction delimited by a given cone with its apex at the surface element” and “of illumination” was deleted. Note 1 to entry, Note 2 to entry and Note 3 to entry were deleted.]
3.8.6.2
brightness
diffuse blue reflectance factor
percentage of blue light reflected from the surface of paper as measured at a specific effective wavelength in defined illumination and observation conditions
Note 1 to entry: For further details see ISO 2470-1 and ISO 2470-2.
3.8.6.3
luminance factor
luminous reflectance factor
reflectance or radiance factor with reference to the illuminant and the visual efficiency function
Note 1 to entry: The visual efficiency function describes the sensitivity of the eye to light, so that the luminance factor corresponds to the attribute of visual perception of the reflecting surface.
Note 2 to entry: This definition deviates from the one in ISO 2471 which is more detailed and specific for the conditions of measurement.
3.8.6.4
whiteness
complex attribute of visual sensation by which a body seems to approach white due to high lightness, high diffusion and minimum perceivable hue
3.8.6.5
fluorescence
phenomenon in which radiant flux of certain wavelengths is absorbed and re-emitted at other, usually longer, wavelengths
Note 1 to entry: For paper and board, this parameter may be relevant if the substrate contains optical brightening agents.
[SOURCE: ISO 105-J01:1997, 3.4, modified — Note 1 of entry is added.]
3.8.6.6
gloss
mode of appearance by which reflected highlights of objects are perceived as superimposed on the surface due to the directionally selective properties of that surface
[SOURCE: ISO 8254-1:2009, 3.1, modified — SOURCE is deleted.]
3.8.6.7
specular gloss
gloss (3.8.6.6) observed or measured at the specular angle
[SOURCE: ISO 8254-1:2009, 3.8]
3.8.6.8
opacity
degree of non-transparency of paper
Note 1 to entry: For details about the measurement see ISO 2471:2008.
3.8.6.9
discoloration
colour fastness
unintended alteration in the colour of paper
EXAMPLE: Unintended alteration is the action of light or air etc.
3.8.6.10
yellowing
change of optical appearance of the paper due to an increase in the blue light absorption or colorimetric b* value
Note 1 to entry: Deterioration by the action of light, air, temperature, chemicals or humidity.
3.8.6.11
brightness reversion
apparent reduction of the diffuse blue reflectance factor
3.8.6.12
blackening
local areas of apparently darker or greyer appearance
Note 1 to entry: This can happen, for example, to the paper being too wet when calendered.
3.8.6.13
offshade
term applied to a paper or board of which the shade of colour does not conform to an agreed specimen (3.8.9.2)
3.8.6.14
recto
side with the better appearance
Note 1 to entry: The treated side of a one side treated paper is usually called recto.
Note 2 to entry: Recto is also used in different context, e. g. for books or postal documents.
3.8.7 Chemical properties
3.8.7.1
Kappa number of pulp
number of millilitres of 0,02 mol/l potassium permanganate solution consumed under specified conditions by one gram of pulp (calculated on an oven-dry basis)
Note 1 to entry: The Kappa number is an indication of the lignin content (hardness) or bleachability of pulp. There is no general and unambiguous relationship between the Kappa number and the lignin content of pulp. The relationship varies according to the wood species and delignification procedure. If the Kappa number is to be used to derive an index of pulp lignin content, specific relationships must be developed for each pulp type.
[SOURCE: ISO 302:2015, 3.3, modified — Note 1 of entry is changed.]
3.8.7.2
alkali reserve
<paper and board> compound, such as calcium carbonate, that neutralizes acid that can be generated as a result of natural ageing or from atmospheric pollution
[SOURCE: ISO 10716:2022, 3.1, modified — The domain paper and board was included in angle brackets before the definition.]
3.8.7.3
total chlorine
total amount of the element chlorine present in pulp, paper or board
[SOURCE: ISO 11480:2017, 3.1, modified — The term “in pulp, paper or board” was added.]
3.8.7.4
resistance to water penetration
property of paper or board which retards the passage of water from one surface of the paper or board to the other surface
[SOURCE: ISO 5633:1983, 4]
3.8.7.5
water vapour transmission rate
WVTR
mass of water vapour transmitted through unit area in unit time under specified conditions of temperature and humidity
[SOURCE: ISO 2528:2027, 3.1, modified — The Note 1 to entry and note 2 to entry are deleted.]
3.8.7.6
degree of non-combustibility
degree to which a paper or board resists being consumed when heated in the presence of air under specified conditions of test
Note 1 to entry: The corresponding products are fire-resistant paper and fire-resistant board.
3.8.7.7
degree of non-flammability
degree to which a paper or board resists flaming when burnt under specified conditions of test
Note 1 to entry: The corresponding products are fire-resistant paper and fire-resistant board.
3.8.8 Properties related to use and further processing
3.8.8.1
permanence of paper
ability of a paper to remain stable upon long-term storage in libraries, archives and other protected environments
3.8.8.2
ageing
irreversible alteration, generally deterioration, of the characteristics of paper or board in the course of time
3.8.8.3
printability
complex property of a paper or board embracing its ability to promote the transfer of ink and the setting and drying of ink without smearing or print-through, and its potential to present an image containing the transferred information with good contrast and high fidelity
3.8.8.4
print-through
defect of a printed paper that reveals itself with the perception of graphics on its verso
Note 1 to entry: It is due to excessive transparency of the paper, excessive ink penetration or a combination of both.
3.8.8.5
linting
dusting
fluffing
release from a paper or board of fluff or dust, consisting mainly of individual fibres or particles of loading or sizing agents, or very small aggregates of these materials
Note 1 to entry: Linting can occur during finishing, converting, printing or using of the paper or board.
Note 2 to entry: These particles may be completely loose on the surface, or loosely bonded into it, but capable of being released at some stage in the printing operation.
3.8.8.6
pick
rupture of the surface layer of a paper or a board during manufacture or printing, which occurs when an external tensile force applied normal to the surface is greater than the cohesion of the paper or board
[SOURCE: ISO 3783:2006, 3.1, modified — Note 1 of entry is deleted.]
3.8.8.7
vessel picking
type of picking in which the particles removed from the surface are vessels of the hardwood component of the furnish
3.8.9 Laboratory and testing
3.8.9.1
sample
aggregate of all the specimens (3.8.9.2) taken from the lot to provide information on the average quality of the lot and possibly serve as a basis for a decision on the lot
[SOURCE: ISO 186:2002, 3.5, modified — Reference to Figure 1 is deleted.]
3.8.9.2
specimen
area of paper or board cut to given dimensions, from the sheets
[SOURCE: ISO 186:2002, 3.4, modified — Phrase in brackets “or manufactured articles” and reference to Figure 1 are deleted.]
3.8.9.3
test piece
piece or pieces of paper or board on which the measurement is carried out in accordance with the stipulations of the test method
Note 1 to entry: The test piece is generally taken from a specimen (3.8.9.2). In some instances, the test piece may be the specimen itself, or several specimens.
[SOURCE: ISO 186:2002, 3.6, modified — Phrase “the method of test” is changed into “test method” and reference to Figure 1 is deleted.]
3.8.9.4
lot
aggregate of paper of board of a single kind with specified characteristics produced under conditions that are presumed uniform, and available for sampling at one time
Note 1 to entry: A lot comprises one or more nominally identical units. Where the material to be tested has already been incorporated into a manufactured article (for example a packing case), the lot is the aggregate of such articles of a single kind, of specified characteristics.
[SOURCE: ISO 186:2002, 3.1]
3.8.9.5
maturing
evolution, generally favourable, of the characteristics of paper or board during storage under suitable conditions
EXAMPLE The maturing of the sizing effect, of wet strength or establishing the moisture balance.
3.8.9.6
conditioning
process that establishes a reproducible moisture content equilibrium between the sample (3.8.9.1) and an atmosphere at prescribed temperature and relative humidity
3.8.9.7
outturn sheet
sheet of paper or board, taken during manufacture serving as a reference for the mill or client
Bibliography
ISO 105‑J01:1997, Textiles — Tests for colour fastness — Part J01: General principles for measurement of surface colour
ISO 186:2002, Paper and board — Sampling to determine average quality
ISO 187:2022, Paper, board and pulps — Standard atmosphere for conditioning and testing and procedure for monitoring the atmosphere and conditioning of samples
ISO 216:2007, Writing paper and certain classes of printed matter — Trimmed sizes — A and B series, and indication of machine direction
ISO 217:2013, Paper — Untrimmed sizes — Designation and tolerances for primary and supplementary ranges, and indication of machine direction
ISO 287:2017[1], Paper and board — Determination of moisture content of a lot — Oven-drying method
ISO 302:2015, Pulps — Determination of Kappa number
ISO 534, Paper and board — Determination of thickness, density and specific volume
ISO 535:2023, Paper and board — Determination of water absorptiveness — Cobb method
ISO 536:2019, Paper and board — Determination of grammage
ISO 638‑1:2022, Paper, board, pulps and cellulosic nanomaterials — Determination of dry matter content by oven-drying method — Part 1: Materials in solid form
ISO 1762, Paper, board, pulps and cellulose nanomaterials — Determination of residue (ash content) on ignition at 525 °C
ISO 1924‑2, Paper and board — Determination of tensile properties — Part 2: Constant rate of elongation method (20 mm/min)
ISO/CD 1924‑2:2025, Paper and board — Determination of tensile properties — Part 2: Constant rate of elongation method (20 mm/min)
ISO 1974:2012, Paper — Determination of tearing resistance — Elmendorf method
ISO 2469:2024, Paper, board and pulps — Measurement of diffuse radiance factor (diffuse reflectance factor)
ISO 2470‑1, Paper, board and pulps — Measurement of diffuse blue reflectance factor — Part 1: Indoor daylight conditions (ISO brightness)
ISO 2470‑2, Paper, board and pulps — Measurement of diffuse blue reflectance factor — Part 2: Outdoor daylight conditions (D65 brightness)
ISO 2471:2008, Paper and board — Determination of opacity (paper backing) — Diffuse reflectance method
ISO 2493‑1, Paper and board — Determination of bending resistance — Part 1: Constant rate of deflection
ISO 2493‑2, Paper and board — Determination of resistance to bending — Part 2: Taber-type tester
ISO 2758:2014, Paper — Determination of bursting strength
ISO 2759:2014, Board — Determination of bursting strength
ISO 3035, Corrugated fibreboard — Determination of flat crush resistance
ISO 3036, Board — Determination of puncture resistance using a pendulum device
ISO 3037, Corrugated fibreboard — Determination of edgewise crush resistance (non-waxed edge method)
ISO 3783:2006, Paper and board — Determination of resistance to picking — Accelerated speed method using the IGT-type tester (electric model)
ISO 5267‑1, Pulps — Determination of drainability — Part 1: Schopper-Riegler method
ISO 5267‑2, Pulps — Determination of drainability — Part 2: "Canadian Standard" freeness method
ISO 5626:1993, Paper — Determination of folding endurance
ISO 5633:1983, Paper and board — Determination of resistance to water penetration
ISO 5636 (all parts), Paper and board — Determination of air permeance (medium range)
ISO 6107:2021, Water quality — Vocabulary
ISO 6590‑1:2025, Packaging — Vocabulary — Part 1: Paper sacks
ISO 7263‑1, Corrugating medium — Determination of the flat crush resistance after laboratory fluting — Part 1: A-flute
ISO 7263‑2, Corrugating medium — Determination of the flat crush resistance after laboratory fluting — Part 2: B-flute
ISO 8254‑1:2009, Paper and board — Measurement of specular gloss — Part 1: 75 degree gloss with a converging beam, TAPPI method
ISO 8787:1986, Paper and board — Determination of capillary rise — Klemm method
ISO 9184‑1:2023, Paper, board and pulps — Fibre furnish analysis — Part 1: General method
ISO 9706:2025, Information and documentation — Paper for documents — Requirements for permanence
ISO 9932:2021, Paper and board — Determination of water vapour transmission rate of sheet materials — Dynamic sweep and static gas methods
ISO 10716:2022, Paper and board — Determination of alkali reserve
ISO 11108:2025, Information and documentation — Archival paper — Requirements for permanence and durability
ISO 11480:2017, Pulp, paper and board — Determination of total chlorine and organically bound chlorine
ISO 11556, Paper and board — Determination of curl using a single vertically suspended test piece
ISO 12192, Paper and board — Determination of compressive strength — Ring crush method
ISO 13821, Corrugated fibreboard — Determination of edgewise crush resistance — Waxed edge method
ISO 14968, Paper and board — Cut-size office paper — Measurement of curl in a pack of sheets
ISO 15359:1999, Paper and board — Determination of the static and kinetic coefficients of friction — Horizontal plane method
ISO 15360‑1:2000, Recycled pulps — Estimation of Stickies and Plastics — Part 1: Visual method
ISO 15361:2000, Pulps — Determination of zero-span tensile strength, wet or dry
ISO 21436:2020, Pulps — Determination of lignin content — Acid hydrolysis method
ISO 21993:2020, Paper and pulp — Deinkability test for printed paper products
ISO/TS 21331:2020, Graphic technology and deinked pulp — Guidance for assessing the deinking performance of printed paper products
Alphabetical index
absorbency 3.8.4.25
accept 3.4.2.11
acid sizing 3.4.3.4
acid-free paper 3.5.1.9
additive 3.1.1.8
ageing 3.8.8.2
air-dry 3.8.1.5
air-dry pulp 3.8.1.7
air-drying 3.5.2.25
air-jet coating 3.5.4.8
air-knife coating 3.5.4.8
alkali reserve 3.8.7.2
alkaline sizing 3.4.3.6
all-rag paper 3.5.1.11
alum 3.4.3.2
angle cutting 3.5.5.9
anti-rust paper 3.6.3.5
anti-slip paper 3.6.3.4
anti-tarnish paper 3.6.3.7
approach flow system 3.4.2.2
archival paper 3.6.1.17
art board 3.6.1.20
art paper 3.6.1.20
artificial watermark 3.8.4.7
ash content 3.8.1.8
ashless paper 3.5.1.12
banknote paper 3.6.1.31
barrier coating 3.5.4.24
base board 3.1.1.12
base paper 3.1.1.12
base paper for diazotype 3.6.1.38
basis weight 3.8.1.1
BCTMP 3.2.1.15
beater 3.4.2.16
beating 3.4.2.14
bending force 3.8.5.11
bending stiffness 3.8.5.12
beverage carton 3.7.3.1
bible paper 3.6.1.25
black liquor 3.2.3.12
blackening 3.8.6.12
blade coating 3.5.4.13
bleached chemi-thermomechanical pulp 3.2.1.15
bleached pulp 3.4.1.5
bleaching 3.4.2.17
blister 3.8.4.15
blotting paper 3.6.1.14
blow 3.8.4.16
board 3.1.1.2
board for forming 3.6.2.15
board machine 3.5.2.1
board without finish 3.5.3.5
body board 3.1.1.12
body paper 3.1.1.21
bond paper 3.6.1.16
book paper 3.6.1.27
bookbinding board 3.6.2.14
bottom side 3.5.2.12
breaking length 3.8.5.3
brightness 3.8.6.2
brightness reversion 3.8.6.11
bring bank 3.3.1.14
bring system 3.3.1.13
broke 3.5.2.30
brush coating 3.5.4.9
bubble-coated paper 3.5.4.19
bulk 3.8.3.9
burst index 3.8.5.14
bursting strength 3.8.5.13
calender 3.5.3.6
calender roll mark 3.8.4.23
calender-bowl paper 3.6.5.8
calendering 3.5.3.7
calender-roll paper 3.6.5.8
caliper 3.8.3.7
capacitor tissue paper 3.6.5.16
capillary rise 3.8.4.27
carbon paper 3.6.1.32
carbonised form 3.7.2.1
carbonising base paper 3.6.1.33
carbonless copy paper 3.6.1.34
carbonless copy-paper form 3.7.2.2
cardboard 3.1.1.2
cartonboard 3.6.2.1
cast-coated board 3.5.4.18
cast-coated paper 3.5.4.18
CD 3.8.3.5
cellulose 3.2.3.9
cellulosic nanomaterial 3.1.1.9
centrifugal cleaning 3.4.2.8
chemical pulp 3.2.1.16
chemical recovery 3.2.3.13
chemi-mechanical pulp 3.2.1.13
chemi-thermomechanical pulp 3.2.1.14
chip refining 3.2.3.6
chipboard 3.6.2.5
cigarette paper 3.6.5.9
cleaning 3.4.2.7, 3.4.2.8
CMP 3.2.1.13
CNM 3.1.1.9
coated board 3.5.4.2
coated paper 3.5.4.2
coating 3.5.4.1
coating colour 3.5.4.3
coating pigment 3.5.4.4
coating slip 3.5.4.3
Cobb value 3.8.4.26
cockle 3.8.4.12
cockle finish 3.8.4.13
coldset web offset paper 3.6.1.9
collection rate 3.3.1.2
collection shop 3.3.1.15
colour fastness 3.8.6.9
colour stripping 3.3.1.20
combination packaging 3.7.1.4
commingled collection 3.3.1.11
composition 3.5.1.1
compressive strength 3.8.5.15
condenser paper 3.6.5.16
conditioning 3.8.9.6
containerboard 3.6.2.19
contrary 3.4.4.1, 3.4.4.2
converting 3.7.1.1
cooking 3.2.3.2
copy paper 3.6.1.11
core board 3.6.5.20
correspondence envelope 3.7.3.4
correspondence pocket 3.7.3.4
corrugated board 3.6.2.20
corrugated cardboard 3.6.2.20
corrugated fibreboard 3.6.2.20
corrugating base board 3.6.2.33
corrugating base paper 3.6.2.33
corrugating medium 3.6.2.33
couch 3.5.2.17
couching 3.5.2.18
crepe paper 3.6.5.6
creping 3.5.3.22
cross-direction 3.8.3.5
crushing 3.8.4.17, 3.8.4.18
CSWO 3.6.1.9
CTMP 3.2.1.14
curl 3.8.4.11
curtain coating 3.5.4.16
cutting 3.5.5.3
cylinder machine 3.5.2.2
deashing 3.3.3.4
deckle board 3.5.2.13
deckle frame 3.5.2.34
deckle of suction box 3.5.2.15
deckle strap 3.5.2.14
defibration 3.4.2.4
degree of non-combustibility 3.8.7.6
degree of non-flammability 3.8.7.7
deinkability 3.3.2.4
deinked pulp 3.3.1.19
deinking 3.3.3.2
de-inking 3.3.3.2
deinking plant 3.3.3.1
density 3.8.3.8
diffuse blue reflectance factor 3.8.6.2
dimensional stability 3.8.3.10
DIP 3.3.1.19, 3.3.3.1
dip coating 3.5.4.7
direct food-contact board 3.6.3.10
direct food-contact paper 3.6.3.10
directory paper 3.6.1.26
dirt 3.4.4.4
discoloration 3.8.6.9
disintegration 3.4.2.4
dissolved air flotation 3.4.2.18
dissolving pulp 3.2.2.2
double-faced corrugated board 3.6.2.22
double-wall corrugated fibreboard 3.6.2.23, 3.6.2.23
drainability 3.8.2.2
drawing paper 3.6.1.22
drink carton 3.7.3.1
drop-off system 3.3.1.13
dry broke 3.5.2.32
dry matter content 3.8.1.2
dry pulp 3.8.1.7
dry repulping 3.4.2.6
dry solids content 3.8.1.2
dry sorting 3.3.1.17
dryer section 3.5.2.24
dual containerboard 3.6.2.25
dual paper 3.6.2.25
duplex board 3.1.2.3
duplex paper 3.1.2.3
durability 3.8.5.23
dusting 3.8.8.5
edge cutters, pl 3.5.2.16
electrical insulating board 3.6.5.12
electrical insulating paper 3.6.5.12
electrophotographic paper 3.6.1.11
embossed board 3.5.3.14
embossed paper 3.5.3.14
embossing calender 3.5.3.13
emulsion-coated paper 3.5.4.20
envelope paper 3.6.3.2
explosion pulping 3.2.3.4
extrusion coating 3.5.4.10
facestock 3.6.5.4
FBB 3.6.2.12
felt mark 3.8.4.21
felt side 3.5.2.11
fibre coarseness 3.8.2.1
fibre composition 3.5.1.2
fibre furnish 3.5.1.2
fibrillation 3.4.2.15
fibrous material 3.1.1.6
filler 3.4.3.1
filter paper 3.6.5.10
fines, pl 3.1.1.7
finish 3.8.4.9
fire-resistant board 3.6.5.17
fire-resistant paper 3.6.5.17
flatness 3.8.4.10
flexible packaging paper 3.6.3.11
flotation 3.3.3.3, 3.4.2.18
fluff pulp 3.2.2.1
fluffing 3.8.8.5
fluorescence 3.8.6.5
fluorescent whitening 3.4.3.7
fluted paper 3.6.2.34
fluting 3.6.2.34
fluting board 3.6.2.33
fluting paper 3.6.2.33
folding boxboard 3.6.2.12
folding endurance 3.8.5.16
food carton 3.7.3.1
formation 3.8.4.1
fourdrinier former 3.5.2.8
fourdrinier table 3.5.2.8
fourdrinier wire part 3.5.2.8
freeness 3.8.2.2
freesheet board 3.5.1.4
freesheet paper 3.5.1.4
friction glazed board 3.5.3.21
friction glazed paper 3.5.3.21
friction glazing 3.5.3.20
friction glazing calender 3.5.3.19
froth flotation 3.3.3.3
furnish 3.5.1.1
furnish layer 3.1.2.2
gap former 3.5.2.10
glassine paper 3.6.3.12
glazed millboard 3.6.2.4
glazing 3.5.3.16
gloss 3.8.6.6
grammage 3.8.1.1
gravure coating 3.5.4.11
greaseproof paper 3.6.3.14
grease-resistant board 3.6.4.13
grease-resistant paper 3.6.4.13
grinding 3.2.3.5
groundwood pulp 3.2.1.7
guillotine trimming 3.5.5.6
guillotining 3.5.5.7
gumming 3.7.4.1
GWP 3.2.1.7
hardwood pulp 3.2.1.3
headbox 3.5.2.5
heatset web offset paper 3.6.1.10
hemicellulose 3.2.3.10
hollander 3.4.2.16
hot-melt coating 3.5.4.22
HSWO 3.6.1.10
hygro-stability 3.8.3.11
imitation art paper 3.6.1.21
improved newsprint 3.6.1.3
impurity 3.4.4.2
ink-jet paper 3.6.1.15
insulating board 3.6.5.11
insulating paper 3.6.5.11
integrated pulp 3.4.1.1
interleaving paper 3.6.3.9
intermediate liner 3.6.2.27
intermittent board machine 3.5.2.3
internal sizing 3.4.3.3
ivory board 3.6.1.36
Kappa number of pulp 3.8.7.1
kinetic coefficient of friction 3.8.4.30
kraft paper 3.5.1.8
kraft pulp 3.2.1.18
kraft top liner 3.6.2.29
kraftliner 3.6.2.28
laid line 3.8.4.6
laminating 3.5.4.25
laser printer paper 3.6.1.11
leatherfibre board 3.6.2.18
ledger paper 3.6.1.19
lightweight coated paper 3.6.1.5
lignin 3.2.3.11
lined chipboard 3.6.2.6
liner 3.6.2.26, 3.6.3.18, 3.6.5.28
liner ply 3.6.5.28
linerboard 3.6.2.26
linting 3.8.8.5
liquid packaging board 3.6.4.1
liquid packaging carton 3.7.3.1
loading 3.4.3.1
look-through 3.8.4.24
lot 3.8.9.4
luminance factor 3.8.6.3
luminous reflectance factor 3.8.6.3
LWC paper 3.6.1.5
machine deckle 3.5.2.35
machine direction 3.8.3.4
machine fill 3.5.2.40
machine glazed board 3.5.3.18
machine glazed paper 3.5.3.18
machine stack 3.5.3.8
machine-finished board 3.5.3.9
machine-finished paper 3.5.3.9
map paper 3.6.1.28
marking press 3.5.2.22
masking paper 3.6.5.18
maturing 3.8.9.5
maximum deckle 3.5.2.36
maximum trimmed machine width 3.5.2.38
MD 3.8.3.4
mechanical pulp 3.2.1.6
mechanical pulp board 3.5.1.3
mechanical pulp paper 3.5.1.3
medium weight coated paper 3.6.1.7
MF board 3.5.3.9
MF paper 3.5.3.9
MG board 3.5.3.18
MG paper 3.5.3.18
middle of board 3.1.2.5
mill broke 3.5.2.30
millboard 3.6.2.3
mixed straw board 3.5.1.14
mixed straw paper 3.5.1.14
modulus of elasticity 3.8.5.4
moisture content 3.8.1.3
moulded product 3.1.1.4
mulching paper 3.6.5.19
multicopy business form 3.7.2.3
multilayer curtain coating 3.5.4.17
multi-purpose office paper 3.6.1.12
MWC paper 3.6.1.7
nanocellulose 3.1.1.9
NC 3.1.1.9
neutral sizing 3.4.3.5
neutral sulphite pulp 3.2.1.20
neutral sulphite semi-chemical pulp 3.2.1.12
newsprint 3.6.1.1
non-integrated pulp 3.4.1.2
non-paper component 3.3.2.6
non-paper constituent 3.3.2.7
non-rust paper 3.6.3.6
non-tarnish paper 3.6.3.8
non-wood plant pulp 3.2.1.5
NSSC pulp 3.2.1.12
offcut 3.5.5.11
offset paper 3.6.1.8
offshade 3.8.6.13
opacity 3.8.6.8
opaque drawing paper 3.6.1.23
optical brightening 3.4.3.7
outturn sheet 3.8.9.7
oven-dry 3.8.1.6
paper 3.1.1.1
paper and board collection 3.3.1.8
paper and board for recycling 3.3.1.5
paper bag 3.7.3.2
paper cup 3.7.3.5
paper for conductor insulation 3.6.5.14
paper for laminated insulators 3.6.5.15
paper for recycling 3.3.1.5
paper for textile paper tubes 3.6.5.21
paper machine 3.5.2.1
paper recycling 3.3.1.1
paper reprocessing 3.3.1.1
paper sack 3.7.3.3
paper tray 3.7.3.6
paper without finish 3.5.3.5
paper-based composite 3.7.1.3
paper-based packaging 3.7.1.2
paper-based product 3.1.1.3
paperboard 3.1.1.2
pasted board 3.7.4.3
pasted paper 3.7.4.3
pasting 3.7.4.2
permanence of paper 3.8.8.1
permanent paper 3.6.1.18
permeability 3.8.4.28
permeance 3.8.4.28
PGW 3.2.1.8
photocopying paper 3.6.1.11
photographic paper 3.6.1.37
pick 3.8.8.6
pick-up system 3.3.1.12
pigment coating 3.5.4.5
pitch 3.4.4.5
plant extractive 3.2.3.8
plaster liner board 3.6.2.13
plate glazing 3.5.3.17
plate-glazing calender 3.5.3.15
ply 3.1.2.1
post-consumer paper for recycling 3.3.1.6
poster paper 3.6.1.29
pre-consumer paper for recycling 3.3.1.7
press section 3.5.2.19
pressboard 3.6.5.13
presspahn 3.6.5.22
presspaper 3.6.5.23
pressure sensitive label paper 3.6.5.4
pressurized groundwood pulp 3.2.1.8
primary fibre 3.1.1.10
printability 3.8.8.3
print-through 3.8.8.4
pulp 3.1.1.5
pulp cleaning 3.4.2.7
pulper 3.4.2.3
pulping 3.2.3.1
puncture resistance 3.8.5.17
quire 3.5.5.13
rag paper 3.5.1.10
rag pulp 3.2.2.3
ream 3.5.5.12
recovered paper 3.3.1.5
recto 3.8.6.14
recyclability 3.3.2.1
recyclability at scale 3.3.2.3
recycled board 3.5.1.7
recycled paper 3.5.1.5
recycled pulp 3.3.2.5
recycled-content paper 3.5.1.6
recycling centre 3.3.1.16
recycling rate 3.3.1.3
recycling yard 3.3.1.16
reel 3.5.2.27
reel-up 3.5.2.26
refiner 3.4.2.13
refiner mechanical pulp 3.2.1.9
refining 3.4.2.14
reflectance factor 3.8.6.1
reinforced board 3.7.4.4
reinforced paper 3.7.4.4
reject 3.4.2.12
relative humidity 3.8.1.4
release paper 3.6.5.5
repulping 3.4.2.5
residue on ignition 3.8.1.8
resistance to water penetration 3.8.7.4
resource yard 3.3.1.16
RH 3.8.1.4
RMP 3.2.1.9
rod bed 3.5.4.15
rod coating 3.5.4.14
roll 3.5.2.29
roll coating 3.5.4.10
roughness 3.8.4.3
rubber mark 3.8.4.7
runnability 3.8.1.9
sack paper 3.6.3.17
safety paper 3.6.1.30
sample 3.8.9.1
saturating paper 3.6.5.24
SBB 3.6.2.10
SBS 3.6.2.10
SC paper 3.6.1.4
screen 3.4.2.9
screening 3.4.2.10
secondary fibre 3.1.1.11
security paper 3.6.1.30
selective paper and board collection 3.3.1.10
self-adhesive label paper 3.6.5.4
semi-bleached pulp 3.4.1.6
semi-chemical pulp 3.2.1.11
separate paper and board collection 3.3.1.9
separating paper 3.6.5.5
sheet 3.5.5.4
shive 3.4.4.3
shoe board 3.6.2.16
shoe press 3.5.2.21
show-through 3.8.4.24
side-run 3.5.5.10
simulated watermark 3.8.4.8
single-faced corrugated fibreboard 3.6.2.21
single-wall corrugated fibreboard 3.6.2.22
size 3.8.3.1
size press 3.5.3.2
sized paper 3.1.1.13
size-press coating 3.5.4.6
sizing 3.1.3.1
slitting 3.5.5.2
slushing 3.4.2.5
smoothing press 3.5.2.23
smoothing roll coating 3.5.4.12
smoothness 3.8.4.2
soda pulp 3.2.1.21
soft calendaring 3.5.3.10
soft-nip calendaring 3.5.3.10
softwood pulp 3.2.1.4
solid bleached board 3.6.2.10
solid bleached sulphate 3.6.2.10
solid board 3.6.2.8
solid fibreboard 3.6.2.9
solid unbleached board 3.6.2.11
solid unbleached sulphate 3.6.2.11
solvent pulping 3.2.3.3
solvent-coated paper 3.5.4.23
sorting 3.3.1.17
speciality board 3.6.5.1
speciality paper 3.6.5.1
specimen 3.8.9.2
specular gloss 3.8.6.7
spinning paper 3.6.5.25
splice 3.5.5.1
squaring 3.5.5.8
standard newsprint 3.6.1.2
static coefficient of friction 3.8.4.29
sticky 3.4.4.8
stock 3.4.1.3
stock cleaning 3.4.2.7
stock preparation 3.4.2.1
strain at break 3.8.5.7
straw board 3.5.1.13
straw paper 3.5.1.13
SUB 3.6.2.11
suction roll mark 3.8.4.22
suitcase board 3.6.2.17
sulphate pulp 3.2.1.17
sulphite pulp 3.2.1.19
supercalender 3.5.3.11
supercalendered paper 3.5.3.12
surface application 3.5.3.1
surface sizing 3.5.3.3
surface treatment 3.5.3.1
surface-sized paper 3.5.3.4
SUS 3.6.2.11
tarred brown paper 3.6.5.26
tear index 3.8.5.9
tearing resistance 3.8.5.8
technical recyclability 3.3.2.2
tensile energy absorption 3.8.5.5
tensile energy absorption index 3.8.5.6
tensile index 3.8.5.2
tensile strength 3.8.5.1
test piece 3.8.9.3
testliner 3.6.2.30
thermal sensitive paper 3.6.1.35
thermomechanical pulp 3.2.1.10
thickness 3.8.3.7
three-layer board 3.1.2.4
three-ply board 3.1.2.4
TMP 3.2.1.10
top side 3.5.2.11
total chlorine 3.8.7.3
tracing paper 3.6.1.24
transformer board 3.6.5.22
translucent drawing paper 3.6.1.24
trimmed size 3.8.3.3
trimmings, pl 3.5.5.5
triple-wall corrugated fibreboard 3.6.2.24
triplex board 3.1.2.4
true watermark 3.8.4.5
twin-wire former 3.5.2.9
two-layer board 3.1..2.3
two-layer paper 3.1.2.3
two-sidedness 3.8.4.19
typewriting paper 3.6.1.13
UBC 3.3.2.8
ultra-lightweight coated paper 3.6.1.6
ULWC paper 3.6.1.6
unbleached pulp 3.4.1.4
underliner 3.6.2.2
untrimmed machine width 3.5.2.37
untrimmed size 3.8.3.2
used beverage cartons, pl 3.3.2.8
used liquid packaging cartons, pl 3.3.2.8
utilisation rate 3.3.1.4
vat machine 3.5.2.2
vegetable parchment 3.6.3.16
vessel cell 3.4.4.7
vessel picking 3.8.8.7
virgin fibre 3.1.1.10
virgin pulp 3.2.1.1
wallpaper base 3.6.5.27
washer 3.2.3.7, 3.4.2.19
water absorption 3.8.4.26
water absorptiveness 3.8.4.25
water vapour transmission rate 3.8.7.5
water-finished board 3.6.5.7
water-finished paper 3.6.5.7
waterleaf paper 3.6.3.15
watermark 3.8.4.4
wave 3.8.4.14
waviness 3.8.4.14
waxed board 3.7.4.5
waxed paper 3.7.4.5
web 3.5.2.6
wet broke 3.5.2.31
wet lap machine 3.5.2.4
wet press 3.5.2.20
wet-glue label paper 3.6.5.3
wet-strength paper 3.6.5.2
white lined chipboard 3.6.2.7
white pitch 3.4.4.6
white top liner 3.6.2.31
white top testliner 3.6.2.32
whiteness 3.8.6.4
width of a reel of board 3.5.2.39
width of a reel of paper 3.5.2.39
width of a roll of board 3.5.2.39
width of a roll of paper 3.5.2.39
winding 3.5.2.28
wire mark 3.8.4.20
wire mould 3.5.2.33
wire section 3.5.2.7
wire side 3.5.2.12
WLC 3.6.2.7
wood pulp 3.2.1.2
wood-containing board 3.5.1.3
wood-containing paper 3.5.1.3
woodfree board 3.5.1.4
woodfree paper 3.5.1.4
wrapping paper 3.6.3.3
WTTL 3.6.2.32
WVTR 3.8.7.5
yellowing 3.8.6.10
z-direction 3.8.3.6
zero-span 3.8.5.10
Under revision. Stage at the time of publication will be updated. ↑
